| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #Q001 | corrective_action | health | recommended | Short-term exceedance action plan | drinking water | For drinking water supplies that occasionally experience short-term exceedances of strontium above the guideline value, it is suggested that a plan be developed and implemented to address these situations. | Short-term exceedances of strontium above the guideline value | high |
| #Q002 | corrective_action | health | recommended | Long-term exceedance alternatives | drinking water | For more significant, long-term exceedances that cannot be addressed through treatment, it is suggested that alternative sources of drinking water be considered. | Significant, long-term exceedances that cannot be addressed through treatment | high |
| #Q003 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Source water characterization | drinking water | Source water should be characterized to determine if strontium is present. | high | |
| #Q004 | monitoring | health | recommended | Annual source water monitoring | drinking water | If the strontium concentration in source water is approaching the MAC and/or the concentration is known or expected to be changing with time (i.e., anthropogenic activities are introduced), monitoring of the source water should be conducted annually. | If strontium concentration is approaching the MAC and/or expected to be changing with time | high |
| #Q005 | monitoring | operational | guidance | Reduced monitoring | drinking water | Authorities may consider reduced monitoring when it has been demonstrated that strontium is present at concentrations below 7.0 mg/L in the source water and/or appropriate treatment is in place. | When it has been demonstrated that strontium is present at concentrations below 7.0 mg/L and/or appropriate treatment is in place | high |
| #Q006 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Assessment of new source water quality | drinking water | Utilities practising control options for addressing strontium in source water used for drinking should assess the water quality of new sources to ensure that it does not interfere with the existing treatment processes, impact the distribution system, and cause other water quality issues. | Utilities practising control options for addressing strontium | high |
| #Q007 | monitoring | operational | mandatory | Frequent treated water monitoring | drinking water | Utilities that treat their water to remove strontium need to conduct frequent monitoring of the treated water in order to make the necessary process adjustments and to ensure that treatment processes continue to effectively remove strontium concentrations to below the MAC. | Utilities that treat their water to remove strontium | high |
| #Q008 | monitoring | operational | mandatory | Operational pH monitoring | drinking water | Operational monitoring of pH is required for utilities using lime-soda ash softening. | Utilities using lime-soda ash softening | high |
| #Q009 | operational | health | guidance | Awareness of sodium introduction | drinking water | Utilities using strong acid cation exchange resins in the sodium form should be aware that this process may introduce undesirable quantities of sodium in the treated water. | Utilities using strong acid cation exchange resins in the sodium form | high |
| #Q010 | monitoring | reporting | recommended | Annual compliance monitoring | drinking water | When treatment is in place for strontium removal, it is recommended that compliance monitoring be conducted annually, at a minimum, to confirm the proposed MAC is not exceeded. | When treatment is in place for strontium removal | high |
| #Q011 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Sample collection point | drinking water | Samples should be collected after treatment prior to distribution (typically at the entry point to the distribution system). | When treatment is in place for strontium removal | high |
| #Q012 | monitoring | health | recommended | Distribution system monitoring for strontium | drinking water | Consequently, monitoring should also be conducted throughout the distribution system when strontium is or was historically present in the source water. | When strontium is or was historically present in the source water | high |
| #Q013 | monitoring | health | recommended | Disruption-triggered monitoring | drinking water | When this occurs [discoloured water or increased turbidity], monitoring for strontium and other constituents should be conducted. | When water quality changes or physical disruptions occur in the system, releasing deposits or scales | high |
| #Q014 | design | operational | recommended | Monitoring site selection | drinking water | The number and location of sites for monitoring of strontium in the distribution system should take into consideration the site-specific accumulation and release risk factors. | high | |
| #Q015 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Concurrent metals monitoring | drinking water | Monitoring for strontium should be done in conjunction with other metals that can co-occur in the distribution system (e.g., iron, manganese, arsenic, lead). | high | |
| #Q016 | monitoring | health | recommended | Private well testing for strontium | drinking water | Homeowners with private wells are encouraged to have their water tested for strontium to ensure that the concentration in their water supply is below the MAC. | Homeowners with private wells | high |
| #Q017 | monitoring | health | recommended | Private treatment device testing | drinking water | In addition, homeowners with private wells using residential treatment devices should conduct routine testing on both the water entering the treatment device and the treated water to verify that the treatment device is effective. | Homeowners with private wells using residential treatment devices | high |
| #Q018 | operational | health | guidance | Awareness of sodium in private softeners | drinking water | Homeowners using ion-exchange softeners should be aware that the treatment unit may introduce undesirable quantities of sodium in the treated water. | Homeowners using ion-exchange softeners | high |
| #Q019 | monitoring | operational | guidance | Strontium fraction detection | drinking water | Detection of both the particulate and dissolved fractions of strontium is considered a best practice for strontium determination. | high | |
| #Q020 | operational | health | mandatory | New source water attention | drinking water | Attention must be given to the water quality of a new source prior to making any changes (i.e., switching, blending, and interconnecting) to an existing supply. | Prior to making changes to an existing supply | high |
| #Q021 | monitoring | operational | mandatory | Water quality characterization for control options | drinking water | Characterization of the water quality must be carried out to ensure that changes in water quality resulting from control options are assessed and that potential impacts to the existing treatment processes and distribution system are determined. | When implementing control options like switching, blending, or interconnecting | high |
| #Q022 | operational | operational | mandatory | Compliance impact of water quality changes | drinking water | Any change in water quality should not result in other compliance issues. | medium | |
| #Q023 | operational | operational | mandatory | Interconnection considerations | drinking water | When interconnecting with another water system, the recipient system must consider a number of factors, including whether there is a nearby water supply that meets the strontium MAC, whether this other system is willing to interconnect or consolidate, and whether the interconnecting system can handle an increased demand resulting from additional customers. | When interconnecting with another water system | high |
| #Q024 | operational | treatment | mandatory | Evaluation of chemical precipitation conditions | drinking water | Chemical precipitation is a viable treatment technology for strontium removal; however, an evaluation of the operating conditions to maximize strontium removal must be undertaken (Najm, 2016). | When using chemical precipitation for strontium removal | high |
| #Q025 | treatment | operational | mandatory | Sludge handling and disposal | drinking water | Additionally, the large volume of sludge generated during the conventional precipitative softening process requires special handling (tank storage), treatment (mechanical dewatering) and off-site disposal. | When using conventional precipitative softening process | high |
| #Q026 | treatment | treatment | guidance | Ion exchange pretreatment | drinking water | To preserve bed life, pretreatment may be needed to remove these inorganic and organic foulants. | When using ion exchange treatment | high |
| #Q027 | treatment | operational | mandatory | Ion exchange brine disposal | drinking water | The application of IX treatment generates liquid waste brine that requires handling and off-site disposal. | When using IX treatment | high |
| #Q028 | treatment | operational | guidance | Membrane pretreatment and cleaning | drinking water | Pretreatments such as softening and cartridge filtration and/or membrane cleaning can help obtain acceptable membrane run times. | When using RO and NF processes | high |
| #Q029 | treatment | operational | recommended | Quenching chlorine for RO membranes | drinking water | Chlorine can damage RO membranes and should be quenched using dechlorination chemicals or granular activated carbon. | When using RO membranes in presence of chlorine | high |
| #Q030 | treatment | treatment | mandatory | RO product water pH adjustment | drinking water | Therefore, the product water pH must be adjusted to avoid corrosion issues in the distribution system, such as the leaching of lead and copper (Schock and Lytle, 2011). | When RO process lowers product water pH | high |
| #Q031 | treatment | operational | recommended | Testing of inorganic adsorbents | drinking water | Bench- and pilot-scale tests are recommended on the most promising adsorbents (Najm, 2016). | When considering non-commercial inorganic adsorbents | high |
| #Q032 | operational | health | recommended | Maintaining water stability in distribution | drinking water | Friedman et al. (2010) identified several key water quality conditions that should be controlled in order to maintain water stability for deposited inorganics, including pH, oxidation-reduction potential and corrosion control measures, as well as avoiding the uncontrolled blending of surface water and groundwater. | To minimize accumulation/release of trace inorganic contaminants in the distribution system | high |
| #Q033 | monitoring | treatment | recommended | Pre-installation water testing for residential devices | drinking water | Before a treatment device is installed, the water should be tested to determine general water chemistry and verify the presence and concentrations of strontium in the source water. | Before installing a residential treatment device | high |
| #Q034 | monitoring | health | recommended | Periodic testing of residential devices | drinking water | Periodic testing by an accredited laboratory should be conducted on both the water entering the treatment device and the finished water to verify that the treatment device is effective. | For residential treatment devices | high |
| #Q035 | operational | operational | recommended | Residential device maintenance | drinking water | Consumers should verify the expected longevity of the components in their treatment device according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and service it when required. | For consumers using residential treatment devices | high |
| #Q036 | design | health | recommended | Certification of residential devices | drinking water | Health Canada does not recommend specific brands of drinking water treatment devices, but it strongly recommends that consumers use devices that have been certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standards. | high | |
| #Q037 | design | treatment | recommended | NSF/ANSI Standard recommendations | drinking water | It is recommended to use treatment devices certified as meeting NSF/ANSI Standard 58 (Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment Systems), NSF/ANSI Standard 44 (Cation Exchange Water Softeners) or NSF/ANSI Standard 53 (Drinking Water Treatment Units – Health Effects). | For residential treatment devices | high |
| #Q038 | design | treatment | recommended | Point of use installation for RO | drinking water | Water that has been treated using RO may be corrosive to internal plumbing components and should be installed only at the point of use. | When using RO residential treatment devices | high |
| #Q039 | administrative | reporting | recommended | Jurisdictional consultation | drinking water | Specific guidance related to the implementation of drinking water guidelines should be obtained from the appropriate drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction. | high | |
| #Q040 | operational | operational | mandatory | IX breakthrough curve evaluation | drinking water | An evaluation of the IX system’s effectiveness requires establishing a breakthrough curve to assist in determining the resin’s bed life and the timing for regeneration. | When using ion-exchange treatment systems | high |
| #Q041 | treatment | treatment | mandatory | WAC resin post-treatment | drinking water | The treated water requires CO2 stripping and pH adjustment (increase) to produce non-corrosive finished water. | When using WAC resins in the H+ form | high |
| #Q042 | monitoring | reporting | mandatory | Total strontium summation for compliance | drinking water | Therefore, if the two forms [dissolved and particulate] are measured separately, the two concentrations must be added before comparison with the MAC. | If dissolved and particulate forms are measured separately | high |
| #Q043 | treatment | operational | guidance | Lime-softening corrosivity control | drinking water | The treated water may require recarbonation to reduce pH and the addition of corrosion inhibitors to protect the distribution system (to counter potentially altered corrosivity of the treated water due to the removal of hardness and alkalinity). | Utilities using lime-soda ash softening | high |
| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Limit Type | Limit Value | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #P001 | chemical | health | mandatory | total strontium | drinking water | MAC | 7.0 mg/L | A maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 7.0 mg/L is proposed for total strontium in drinking water. | high | |
| #P002 | chemical | reporting | mandatory | strontium | drinking water | requirement | 0.3 μg/L | The UCMR 3 stipulates that using all three recommended methods, a minimal reporting level of 0.3 μg/L for strontium must be achieved and reported by the utilities during monitoring | When using recommended U.S. EPA methods under UCMR 3 | high |
| #P003 | physical | operational | mandatory | turbidity | drinking water | requirement | > 1.0 NTU | Currently, recommended EPA methods 200.8 and SM 3125B require acid digestion of samples only when the turbidity of the acid-preserved sample is greater than 1.0 NTU. | When using EPA methods 200.8 and SM 3125B | high |
| #P004 | operational | reporting | recommended | source water monitoring frequency | drinking water | requirement | 1 time/year | If the strontium concentration in source water is approaching the MAC and/or the concentration is known or expected to be changing with time (i.e., anthropogenic activities are introduced), monitoring of the source water should be conducted annually. | When strontium concentration approaches MAC or is expected to change with time | high |
| #P005 | operational | reporting | recommended | compliance monitoring frequency | drinking water | requirement | 1 time/year | When treatment is in place for strontium removal, it is recommended that compliance monitoring be conducted annually, at a minimum, to confirm the proposed MAC is not exceeded. | When treatment is in place for strontium removal | high |
| #P006 | chemical | health | guidance | Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) | drinking water | requirement | 1.417 mg/kg bw per day | The tolerable daily intake (TDI) is calculated as 1.417 mg/kg bw per day. | Based on a NOAEL of 425 mg/kg bw per day and an uncertainty factor of 300 | high |
| #P007 | chemical | health | guideline | Health-based value (HBV) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 6.613 mg/L | The HBV is 6.613 mg/L, rounded to 7.0 mg/L. | Calculated based on TDI (1.417 mg/kg bw/d), body weight (7 kg), allocation factor (0.5), and water intake (0.75 L) for infants | high |
| #P008 | operational | reporting | mandatory | NL surface water monitoring frequency | drinking water | requirement | 2 times/year | Strontium monitoring is conducted semi-annually for all surface public water supplies [in NL]. | Surface public water supplies in Newfoundland and Labrador jurisdiction | high |
| #P009 | operational | reporting | mandatory | NL groundwater monitoring frequency | drinking water | requirement | 1 time/year | Strontium monitoring is conducted... annually for groundwater public water supplies [in NL]. | Groundwater public water supplies in Newfoundland and Labrador jurisdiction | high |
| #P010 | operational | reporting | mandatory | NL large population monitoring frequency | drinking water | requirement | 4 times/year | Strontium monitoring is conducted... quarterly for populations larger than 5,000 [in NL]. | Public water systems serving populations > 5,000 in Newfoundland and Labrador jurisdiction | high |
| #P011 | design | treatment | guidance | strontium:calcium mass ratio for precipitation | drinking water | requirement | > 0.256 mg/mg | it is only possible to precipitate SrCO3 without also precipitating CaCO3 when the strontium:calcium mass ratio is greater than 0.256:1 | Theoretical threshold for selective precipitation | high |
| #P012 | operational | treatment | guidance | optimal operational pH for lime-soda ash softening | drinking water | treatment_goal | 10.6 pH | A limitation of the lime-soda ash softening process is the need to raise the water pH up to 10.6 for optimum strontium and calcium removal. | Applicable for utilities using lime-soda ash softening treatment | high |
| #P013 | chemical | operational | guidance | analytical range for USGS methods I-1800 and I-3800 | drinking water | requirement | 10 to 5,000 µg/L | The USGS methods I-1800 and I-3800 were developed for analysis of dissolved and total recoverable strontium, respectively. The methods are suitable for strontium concentrations ranging from 10 µg/L to 5,000 µg/L. | When using atomic absorption spectrometry (USGS I-1800/I-3800) | high |
| #P014 | chemical | operational | guidance | TDS interference threshold for ICP-AES (SM3120B) | drinking water | requirement | > 1,500 mg/L | Physical interference may occur in EPA Method 200.7 and SM3120B when total dissolved solids are greater than 0.2% w/v or 1,500 mg/L, respectively. | When analyzing samples via ICP-AES method SM3120B | high |
| #P015 | design | treatment | guidance | expected strontium rejection for RO or NF membranes | drinking water | treatment_goal | > 95 % | Since strontium exists as a divalent ion (Sr2+) in water, its removal with RO or NF membranes is expected to exceed 95% under most conditions. | Standard operating conditions for RO and NF membrane technologies | high |
| #P016 | chemical | health | guidance | Source allocation factor | drinking water | requirement | 0.5 fraction | Allocating a 50% source contribution to drinking water is deemed appropriate, given that only two main sources of exposure have been identified (Krishnan and Carrier, 2013). | Based on two main sources of exposure (food and water) | high |
| #P017 | chemical | health | guidance | No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) | drinking water | requirement | 425 mg/kg bw per day | the NOAEL approach is chosen to derive the POD, based on the most sensitive and comprehensive health endpoint, decreased bone mineralization in young rats (Marie et al., 1985). | Based on study in young rats | high |
| #P018 | chemical | operational | guideline | Instrument detection limit (IDL) for SM 3125 B | drinking water | requirement | 0.001 µg/L | Method SM 3125 B has an instrument detection limit (IDL) of 0.001 µg/L (APHA, 2005, 2012). | When using ICP-MS method SM 3125 B | high |
| #P019 | chemical | operational | guideline | Method detection limit (MDL) for EPA 200.7 | drinking water | requirement | 0.3 µg/L | Both EPA Method 200.7 Rev. 4.4 (U.S. EPA, 1994b) and SM 3120B (APHA et al., 2012) are based on multi-elemental determinations by ICP-AES... The methods have MDLs of 0.3 µg/L and 0.5 µg/L, respectively. | When using ICP-AES method EPA 200.7 | high |
| #P020 | chemical | operational | guideline | Method detection limit (MDL) for SM 3120B | drinking water | requirement | 0.5 µg/L | Both EPA Method 200.7 Rev. 4.4... and SM 3120B... have MDLs of 0.3 µg/L and 0.5 µg/L, respectively. | When using ICP-AES method SM 3120B | high |
| #P021 | chemical | operational | guideline | Instrument detection limit (IDL) for SM 3111B | drinking water | requirement | 0.03 mg/L | SM 3111B has an IDL of 0.03 mg/L. No element specific interference was identified in this method. | When using direct air-acetylene flame atomic absorption method SM 3111B | high |
| #P022 | chemical | operational | guideline | Method detection limit (MDL) for USGS I-4471-97 | drinking water | requirement | 0.5 µg/L | The USGS I-4471-97 method using ICP-AES techniques was developed for the determinations of 21 total recoverable metals in water containing undissolved particulates... the method has an MDL of 0.5 µg/L for strontium (USGS, 1998). | When using ICP-AES method USGS I-4471-97 | high |
| #P023 | physical | operational | guidance | TDS interference threshold for ICP-MS (EPA 200.8) | drinking water | requirement | 0.2 % w/v | Physical interferences can occur when dissolved solids exceed 0.2% weight per volume (w/v) (U.S. EPA, 1994a). | When using ICP-MS method EPA 200.8 | high |
| #P024 | physical | operational | guidance | TDS interference threshold for ICP-MS (SM 3125 B) | drinking water | requirement | 0.5 % w/v | Physical interferences can occur when dissolved solids exceed... 0.5% w/v (APHA, 2005; 2012). | When using ICP-MS method SM 3125 B | high |
| #P025 | physical | operational | guidance | TDS interference threshold for ICP-AES (EPA 200.7) | drinking water | requirement | 0.2 % w/v | Physical interference may occur in EPA Method 200.7 and SM3120B when total dissolved solids are greater than 0.2% w/v or 1,500 mg/L, respectively. | When using ICP-AES method EPA 200.7 | high |
| #P026 | chemical | health | guideline | U.S. EPA Reference Dose (RfD) for strontium | drinking water | requirement | 0.3 mg/kg bw per day | A reference dose of 0.3 mg/kg bw per day... was calculated by the U.S. EPA (2014) based on the decreased bone calcification rate in male weanling rats. | U.S. EPA assessment context | high |
| #P027 | chemical | health | guideline | U.S. EPA Health Reference Level (HRL) for strontium | drinking water | requirement | 1500 µg/L | A health reference level of 1500 µg/L was calculated by the U.S. EPA (2014). | U.S. EPA assessment context | high |
| #P028 | chemical | health | guideline | ATSDR Oral Minimal Risk Level (MRL) for strontium | drinking water | requirement | 2 mg/kg bw per day | The ATSDR (2004) calculated an intermediate oral minimal risk level of 2 mg/kg bw per day based on skeletal toxicity. | ATSDR assessment context | high |
| #P029 | chemical | health | guideline | WHO Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for strontium | drinking water | requirement | 0.13 mg/kg bw per day | The WHO calculated a TDI of 0.13 mg/kg bw per day based on thyroid histological changes in young rats (WHO, 2010). | WHO assessment context | high |
| #P030 | unknown | health | guidance | Infant average body weight | drinking water | requirement | 7 kg | 7 kg is the average body weight for infants 0–6 months of age (Health Canada, 1994). | Parameter used for HBV calculation for infants 0-6 months | high |
| #P031 | unknown | health | guidance | Infant mean daily water intake | drinking water | requirement | 0.75 L | 0.75 L is the mean daily water intake for infants 0–6 months of age (Health Canada, 1994). | Parameter used for HBV calculation for infants 0-6 months | high |
| #P032 | unknown | health | recommended | strontium health product labelling threshold | other | requirement | 4 to 682 mg | Health Canada has taken a precautionary approach in recommending the addition of warnings on labels of products containing between 4 and 682 mg of strontium aimed at those who have, or are at high risk of, heart disease, circulatory problems or blood clots. | Applicable to natural health products containing strontium citrate, lactate, or gluconate | high |
| #P033 | unknown | health | recommended | strontium health product consultation duration threshold | other | requirement | > 6 months | Purchasers are also advised to consult a health care practitioner for use longer than 6 months (Health Canada, 2015b). | When using strontium-containing health products | high |
| #P034 | design | treatment | guidance | optimal pH for strontium adsorption (Zeolite A) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 6.0 - 8.0 pH | Batch experiments were performed to determine the optimum pH range for removal, which occurred between 6.0 and 8.0. | When utilizing synthetic zeolite A (Na+ form) for sorptive removal of strontium from aqueous solutions | high |
| #P035 | chemical | health | guidance | Uncertainty Factor (UF) | drinking water | requirement | 300 unitless | 300 is the uncertainty factor (UF) — × 10 for interspecies variability, × 10 for intraspecies variability, × 3 for database deficiencies (absence of complete developmental toxicity studies in any species). | Applied to the NOAEL to calculate the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) | high |
| #P036 | chemical | health | guidance | Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) | drinking water | requirement | 525 mg/kg bw per day | The most sensitive and comprehensive health point is the reduction in bone mineralization at 0.34% strontium (525 mg/kg bw per day) and can be identified as the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level [LOAEL]. | Based on a 9-week study in young male weanling SD rats (Marie et al., 1985) | high |
| #P037 | operational | treatment | guidance | optimal pH for strontium removal (Zeolite 4A) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 5.8 - 8.6 pH | Strontium removal rates were found to be grater than 90% when zeolite A4 was added at a concentration of 0.01% or higher at a pH range of 5.8–8.6. | When utilizing synthetic zeolite 4A for ion exchange/adsorption | high |
| Req ID | Category | Name | Context | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #D001 | total metal concentration | The total metal concentration is defined as the sum concentration of both the dissolved and particulate (suspended) fractions of a water sample. | high | |
| #D002 | Kd coefficient | The Kd coefficient is a term used to characterize the ability of a solid phase adsorbent or resin to adsorb radioactive contaminants from contaminated liquid. | medium | |
| #D003 | ANSI | American National Standards Institute | high | |
| #D004 | BMD | benchmark dose | high | |
| #D005 | BMDL | benchmark dose lower confidence limit | high | |
| #D006 | BV | bed volumes | high | |
| #D007 | bw | body weight | high | |
| #D008 | Ca | calcium | high | |
| #D009 | CI | confidence interval | high | |
| #D010 | DL | detection limit | high | |
| #D011 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid | high | |
| #D012 | EPA | Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) | high | |
| #D013 | HBV | health-based value | high | |
| #D014 | IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer | high | |
| #D015 | ICP-AES | Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy | high | |
| #D016 | ICP-MS | inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry | high | |
| #D017 | IX | ion exchange | high | |
| #D018 | LOAEL | lowest-observed-adverse-effect level | high | |
| #D019 | MAC | maximum acceptable concentration | high | |
| #D020 | MDL | method detection limit | high | |
| #D021 | MIREC | maternal-infant research on environmental chemical (study) | high | |
| #D022 | NAPS | national air pollution surveillance program | high | |
| #D023 | NHANES | national health and nutrition examination survey (U.S.) | high | |
| #D024 | NOAEL | no-observed-adverse-effect level | high | |
| #D025 | NSF | NSF International | high | |
| #D026 | NTP | National Toxicology Program (U.S.) | high | |
| #D027 | NTU | nephelometric turbidity unit | high | |
| #D028 | OR | odds ratio | high | |
| #D029 | POE | point of entry | high | |
| #D030 | POU | point of use | high | |
| #D031 | RO | reverse osmosis | high | |
| #D032 | RR | relative risk | high | |
| #D033 | SAC | strong-acid cation (exchange resins) | high | |
| #D034 | SCC | Standards Council of Canada | high | |
| #D035 | Sr | strontium | high | |
| #D036 | SrR | strontium ranelate | high | |
| #D037 | TDI | tolerable daily intake | high | |
| #D038 | TDS | total diet study | high | |
| #D039 | UCMR 3 | Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 | high | |
| #D040 | WHO | World Health Organization | high | |
| #D041 | Lime softening | Lime softening is a precipitative process that removes calcium and magnesium ions from hard water. | high | |
| #D042 | rickets | osteoid mineralization disorder in children, characterized with bulging of the wrists, bone deformities, craniotabes [softening of the skull], rachitic rosary [expansion of the anterior rib ends at the costochondral junctions], abnormal height/weight | high | |
| #D043 | osteomalacia | bone mineralization disorder in adults equivalent to children’s rickets | high | |
| #D044 | DRESS | drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms | high | |
| #D045 | Total strontium | Total strontium includes both its dissolved and particulate forms in a water sample. | high | |
| #D046 | IDL | instrument detection limit | high | |
| #D047 | WAC | weak-acid cation | high | |
| #D048 | NF | nanofiltration | high | |
| #D049 | MBR | membrane bioreactor | high | |
| #D050 | AOP | advanced oxidation process | high | |
| #D051 | CSTs | crystalline silicotitanates | high | |
| #D052 | VTE | venous thromboembolism | high | |
| #D053 | POD | point of departure | high | |
| #D054 | UF | uncertainty factor | high | |
| #D055 | CAS | Chemical Abstracts Service | high | |
| #D056 | m/z | mass-to-charge ratio | high | |
| #D057 | w/v | weight per volume | high | |
| #D058 | Ksp | solubility constant | high | |
| #D059 | pHIEP | the membrane’s isoelectric point | high | |
| #D060 | ETV | Environmental Technology Verification | high | |
| #D061 | Cmax | peak serum concentration | high | |
| #D062 | PM2.5 | fine particulates | high | |
| #D063 | PM10 | coarse particulates | high | |
| #D064 | isobaric elemental interferences | where isotopes of different elements form single- or double-charged ions of the same nominal m/z ratio and cannot be distinguished from the analyte of interest | high | |
| #D065 | polyatomic ion interferences | where ions with more than one atom have the same m/z ratio as the analyte of interest | high | |
| #D066 | physical interferences | associated with physical processes such as transport of the sample and sample conversion processes in the plasma | high | |
| #D067 | spectral interference | light emissions from spectral sources other than the element of interest | high | |
| #D068 | chemical interference | due to molecular compound formation, and solute vaporization and ionization effects | high | |
| #D069 | pellet-softening process | In this process, the water is injected with lime, caustic soda, or soda ash to raise the carbonate ion concentration and thus initiate the precipitation of CaCO3 and SrCO3. The water is passed through a contactor containing fluidized sand. Both CaCO3 and SrCO3 precipitate and form large pellets on the sand grains, which are then removed from the contactor. | high | |
| #D070 | CDW | Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water | high | |
| #D071 | SOTI | spinal osteoporosis therapeutic intervention | high | |
| #D072 | TROPOS | treatment of peripheral osteoporosis | high | |
| #D073 | PREVOS | prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss by SrR | high | |
| #D074 | STRATOS | strontium administration for treatment of osteoporosis | high | |
| #D075 | SEKOIA | SrR efficacy in knee osteoarthritis trial | high | |
| #D076 | NSE | Nova Scotia Environment | high | |
| #D077 | WSA | Water Security Agency | high | |
| #D078 | DNR | Department of Natural Resources | high |