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Document ID ca-gwpdw-2022-09-02 Title Guidance on waterborne pathogens in drinking water URL https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/water-quality/drinking-water/canadian-drinking-water-guidelines.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) none Language Status completed Analyzed at 2026-05-13 14:52:18.176640+00:00 Relevance inventory_targeted_fetch

Q Qualitative Requirements (38)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Context Conditions Confidence
#Q001operationalhealthrecommendedBasic Parameter Achievementdrinking waterThe guidelines set out the basic parameters that every water system should strive to achieve in order to provide the cleanest, safest and most reliable drinking water possible.medium
#Q002monitoringoperationalguidanceUse of Guidelines as Markersdrinking waterThe drinking water guidelines can be used as markers to make sure the barriers are working and the treated drinking water is safe.When implementing a Multi-Barrier Approach to Safe Drinking Watermedium
#Q003operationalhealthrecommendedSource-to-Tap/Water Safety Plan Implementationdrinking watera priority focus on drinking water process management, for example, through the implementation of a source-to-tap or water safety plan approach, is the recommended strategy for water utilities to manage potential risks.high
#Q004administrativereportingrecommendedEducation and Outreach Programsdrinking waterWater utilities should also have education and outreach programs to make consumers aware of how water quality can deteriorate within residential and building plumbing systems.high
#Q005operationalhealthrecommendedBuilding Water Management PlansotherBuilding water management plans are the recommended best practice for building owners/managers.high
#Q006monitoringoperationalrecommendedMulti-parameter Risk Management Strategydrinking waterwater utilities and building owners/managers should have appropriate risk management strategies that utilize multiple parameters to assess the performance of drinking water treatment and/or distribution operations.high
#Q007monitoringhealthrecommendedSubsurface Source Assessmentsdrinking waterAssessments for subsurface sources should include, at a minimum, a hydrogeological assessment, an evaluation of well integrity and a survey of activities and physical features in the areaApplies to subsurface source water assessmentshigh
#Q008operationaloperationalrecommendedOperator Trainingdrinking waterprovide operator training to assure the effectiveness of the water safety plan at all times.Part of water treatment plant managementhigh
#Q009operationalhealthrecommendedDistribution System Cleaningdrinking waterkeep the distribution system clean by removing biofilm, loose deposits and sediment from watermains and storage facilities (e.g., use of appropriate flushing and cleaning techniques)high
#Q010operationalhealthrecommendedPremise Plumbing Temperature Controlotherkeeping temperatures of cold and hot water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth (e.g., cold water less than 20°C, hot water tank temperature greater than 60°C; hot water lines at distal points ideally greater than 55°C)Applicable to building owners and managershigh
#Q011monitoringoperationalrecommendedSource Water Nutrient Characterizationdrinking watersurface and subsurface sources should be characterized with regard to organic and inorganic nutrient concentrations (Cantor, 2017).high
#Q012treatmenthealthrecommendedPrimary Disinfection Applicationdrinking waterproperly apply primary disinfection technologies to meet appropriate CT (disinfectant concentration in mg/L × time in minutes) requirements when using chemical oxidants (i.e., free chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide) or IT (intensity measured in mW/cm2 or W/m 2× time measured in seconds resulting in a computed fluence in mJ/cm2) requirements when using ultraviolet (UV) disinfectionElements related to drinking water treatment plant optimizationhigh
#Q013treatmenthealthrecommendedSecondary Disinfection Applicationdrinking waterproperly apply secondary disinfection technologies (i.e., free chlorine or monochloramine) for residual maintenance in the distribution systemElements related to drinking water treatment plant optimizationhigh
#Q014operationaloperationalrecommendedClimate Change Risk Integrationdrinking waterwater utilities and building owners/managers should integrate the risks associated with climate change into their management strategies to maximize the reliability, robustness and resilience of their water systems.high
#Q015operationalhealthrecommendedNaegleria fowleri Chlorine Residualdrinking waterMaintaining a minimum free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L throughout the distribution system is recommended for the control of N. fowleri in vulnerable drinking water systems.Applicable to vulnerable drinking water systems (water temperatures > 25°C)high
#Q016designhealthrecommendedResidential Treatment Device Certificationdrinking waterHealth Canada recommends that consumers use devices certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standardsWhen treatment is necessary for residential-scale systems and private wellshigh
#Q017treatmentoperationalrecommendedBiologically Stable Water Productiondrinking waterWater utilities should therefore aim to produce biologically stable water to minimize the potential for problems to occur in distribution and premise plumbing systemshigh
#Q018treatmenttreatmentrecommendedTreatment Performance Optimizationdrinking wateroptimize treatment performance for turbidity and natural organic matter removal;high
#Q019operationalhealthrecommendedExternal Contaminant Entry Preventiondrinking waterminimize the potential for contaminant entry from external sources (e.g., maintain positive pressure, implement cross-connection/backflow control programs, practice strict hygiene during mains constructions and repairs);high
#Q020administrativereportingrecommendedJurisdictional Authority ConsultationotherIn addition, building owners/managers should contact the responsible authority in the affected jurisdiction to confirm if specific requirements will apply to their system (e.g., cooling tower registry).high
#Q021operationalhealthrecommendedAerosol Formation and Transmission Reductionotherreducing the formation and transmission of contaminated aerosols from system components such as cooling towers, showers, faucets, hot tubs and humidifiers.high
#Q022operationalhealthrecommendedNasal Rinse Safety Proceduredrinking waterindividuals should ensure that they conduct nasal rinses using water that has been boiled and cooled, or distilled water.high
#Q023treatmenttreatmentrecommendedNutrient Concentration Managementdrinking waterminimize nutrient concentrations in treated water and have a good understanding of their concentrations in the distribution systemDrinking water treatment plant optimizationhigh
#Q024treatmenttreatmentrecommendedScaling and Corrosion Optimizationdrinking wateroptimize treatment to minimize the amount of scaling and/or corrosion in the distribution systemDrinking water treatment plant optimizationhigh
#Q025monitoringoperationalrecommendedMulti-Parameter Performance Testingdrinking waterconduct performance testing using multiple parameters (e.g., disinfectant residual, microbiological indicators, pH, turbidity)Drinking water treatment plant optimizationhigh
#Q026administrativereportingrecommendedClimate Scenario Consultationdrinking waterThe responsible authority should be consulted to discuss relevant forecast scenarios.When discussing potential climate scenarios impacting water utilitieshigh
#Q027administrativetreatmentrecommendedSupplemental Disinfection Professional ConsultationotherA water treatment professional should be consulted before applying any supplemental disinfection.Before applying supplemental disinfection in building water systemshigh
#Q028operationalhealthrecommendedContact Lens Safety GuidanceotherIndividuals in the home who wear contact lenses should also follow guidance from their eye care providers on proper lens handling, cleaning and wearHomeowners/consumers using contact lenseshigh
#Q029corrective_actionhealthrecommendedCorrective Action for Disinfectant Residualsdrinking watermaintain an effective disinfectant residual and take preventive/corrective actions when low disinfectant residuals occur, particularly during warm water temperature conditions when biofilm growth accelerates;Operational practice for distribution systemshigh
#Q030designhealthrecommendedMixing Valve PositioningotherMixing valves should be positioned as close as possible to the point of use and provide access for maintenance and cleaningApplicable to premise plumbing systems using thermostatic mixing valveshigh
#Q031operationalhealthrecommendedElectric Storage Water Heater Temperature Settingotherelectric storage-type water heaters should be pre-set to a temperature of 60°C as a result of the temperature stratification that can occur with this type of heater.Specific to electric storage-type heaters in residential or building systemshigh
#Q032monitoringhealthrecommendedRisk-Informed Environmental Monitoringotherenvironmental monitoring at individual facilities should be informed by a site-specific risk assessment as part of a Water Management PlanFor building water systems with identified risk factorshigh
#Q033monitoringhealthrecommendedSource Assessment Risk Considerationdrinking waterIt is important that risks from both land-based and aerosol-generating activities (e.g., spray irrigation, pressure washers) be considered in the source water assessment.Part of source water assessment processhigh
#Q034monitoringoperationalrecommendedMulti-parametric Distribution Monitoringdrinking waterComprehensive, multi-parametric monitoring programs (e.g., disinfectant residual paired with temperature and biofilm formation rate) are recommended to confirm system-specific requirements (Health Canada, 2022).Applicable to drinking water distribution systemshigh
#Q035operationaloperationalrecommendedWater Age and Temperature Managementdrinking watermanage water age and the effects of temperature;Key distribution system operational and maintenance practicehigh
#Q036monitoringhealthrecommendedPrivate Well Inspection and Testingdrinking waterFor residential-scale systems and private wells, regular physical inspection to identify deficiencies and testing of the water system (e.g., for E. coli and total coliforms) to confirm the microbiological quality of the water are important.Owners of residential-scale systems and private wellshigh
#Q037operationalhealthrecommendedStagnation Avoidance and FlushingotherAvoiding stagnation through proper system design and the use of flushing regimes is also essential for effective Legionella control (WHO, 2007, 2011; PWGSC, 2016; ASHRAE, 2018; NASEM, 2020).Effective Legionella control in buildingshigh
#Q038operationalhealthrecommendedWeekly Flushing of Low Flow PointsotherGuidance documents for building systems recommend minimum weekly flushing of low flow pipe runs, dead ends/dead legs and infrequently used fittings or outlets (ECDC, 2017; HSE 2014, CDC, 2021b).Maintenance of building water systemshigh

P Quantitative Requirements (53)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Limit Type Limit Value Context Conditions Confidence
#R001operationaloperationalrecommendedMinimum disinfectant residual concentration in distribution systemdrinking waterrequirement> 0.2 mg/LTo control microbiological (re)growth in the distribution systemStandard distribution system operationhigh
#R002operationaloperationalrecommendedFree chlorine residual for biofilm controldrinking waterrequirement1.0 mg/LRequired for controlling biofilm formation in chlorinating systemsSystems that chlorinatehigh
#R003operationaloperationalrecommendedTotal chlorine residual for biofilm controldrinking waterrequirement1.8 mg/LRequired for controlling biofilm formation in chloraminating systemsSystems that chloraminatehigh
#R004physicaloperationalrecommendedCold water temperature limitdrinking waterOG< 20 °CKeeping cold water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growthPremise plumbinghigh
#R005physicaloperationalmandatoryHot water tank minimum temperaturedrinking waterrequirement> 60 °CKeeping hot water tank temperature outside growth range; NPC specification for Legionella controlHot water tanks (NPC pre-set for electric storage-type)high
#R006physicaloperationalrecommendedHot water lines distal points temperaturedrinking waterOG> 55 °CIdeally maintained to reduce the risk of microorganism growthDistal points of hot water lineshigh
#R007microbiologicaloperationalguidelineLegionella concentration action leveldrinking waterrequirement50000 CFU/LConcentration that warrants concern and should trigger remedial activitiesVarious water systems (cooling towers, buildings, etc.)high
#R008physicaloperationalmandatoryMaximum tap water temperature for scalding protectiondrinking waterrequirement<= 49 °CNPC specification for valves supplying showerheads and bathtubsWater outlet at taphigh
#R009physicaltreatmentrecommendedThermal shock remediation temperaturedrinking waterrequirement70 °CExtreme remediation measure for Legionella control30 minutes durationhigh
#R010operationaloperationalrecommendedMinimum free chlorine residual for Naegleria fowleri controldrinking waterOG0.5 mg/LRecommended for control in vulnerable drinking water systemsThroughout the distribution systemhigh
#R011operationaloperationalrecommendedMinimum chloramine residual for Naegleria fowleri controldrinking waterOG> 1.5 mg/LSufficient for N. fowleri control in distribution systemsThroughout the distribution systemhigh
#R012operationaloperationalguidelineDutch Aeromonas operational targetdrinking waterOG< 1000 CFU/100 mLDutch drinking water legislation specified monitoring requirementOperational parameterhigh
#R013operationaltreatmentrecommendedHealthcare facility free chlorine residual for Legionella controldrinking watertreatment_goal0.3 - 0.5 mg/LGuidance materials for health-care facilitiesPlumbing systems in health-care settingshigh
#R014operationaltreatmentrecommendedHealthcare facility monochloramine residual for Legionella controldrinking watertreatment_goal1.5 mg/LGuidance materials for health-care facilitiesPlumbing systems in health-care settingshigh
#R015microbiologicaloperationalguidelineEuropean Union Legionella action leveldrinking waterrequirement1000 CFU/LEuropean Union Drinking Water DirectivePremise plumbing systemshigh
#R016operationaloperationalrecommendedFree chlorine residual for Pseudomonas bulk water controldrinking waterOG> 0.3 mg/LControl of Pseudomonas spp. in bulk waterBulk water in distribution/plumbinghigh
#R017operationaltreatmentguidelineCT for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal8.86 mg*min/LpH 8, 21°CLegionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 associated with biofilm on PVChigh
#R018operationaltreatmentguidelineCT for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Monochloramine)drinking watertreatment_goal17.16 mg*min/LpH 8, 21°CLegionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 associated with biofilm on PVChigh
#R019microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT values for 3-log inactivation of Mycobacterium avium (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal51 - 1552 mg*min/L5-25°C, pH 6-9Relative CT values provided for inactivation in bulk waterhigh
#R020microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose for 4-log inactivation of Naegleria fowleri cystsdrinking watertreatment_goal121 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4-log inactivationhigh
#R021microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose for 4-log inactivation of Acanthamoeba spp. cystsdrinking watertreatment_goal167 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4-log inactivationhigh
#R022operationaltreatmentguidelineCT for 3-log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal36.11 mg*min/LpH 8, 21°CLegionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 associated with biofilm on PVChigh
#R023operationaltreatmentguidelineCT for 4-log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal63.67 mg*min/LpH 8, 21°CLegionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 associated with biofilm on PVChigh
#R024operationaltreatmentguidelineCT for 3-log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Monochloramine)drinking watertreatment_goal62.80 mg*min/LpH 8, 21°CLegionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 associated with biofilm on PVChigh
#R025operationaltreatmentguidelineCT for 4-log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Monochloramine)drinking watertreatment_goal108.44 mg*min/LpH 8, 21°CLegionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 associated with biofilm on PVChigh
#R026microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT range for 2-log inactivation of Aeromonas species (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal0.2 - 1.4 mg*min/L5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R027microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT range for 2-log inactivation of Pseudomonas species (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal0.0073 - 4.3 mg*min/L5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R028microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT range for 2-log inactivation of Pathogenic Gastrointestinal Bacteria (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal0.034 - 5.1 mg*min/L5-25°C, pH 6-9; includes E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, and Yersiniahigh
#R029microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT range for 2-log inactivation of Enteric Viruses (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal0.01 - 12 mg*min/L5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R030microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT range for 2-log inactivation of Giardia cysts (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal25 - 99 mg*min/L5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R031microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose range for 4-log inactivation of Aeromonas speciesdrinking watertreatment_goal2.5 - 8 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4-log inactivation (except Aeromonas which is 2-log)Note: chart indicates 2-log removal for this valuehigh
#R032microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose range for 4-log inactivation of Legionella pneumophiladrinking watertreatment_goal11 - 30 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirementshigh
#R033microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose range for 4-log inactivation of enteric group virusesdrinking watertreatment_goal16.4 - 61 mJ/cm2Includes Hepatitis A, Coxsackievirus, Poliovirus, and Rotavirushigh
#R034microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose range for 4-log inactivation of Adenovirusdrinking watertreatment_goal51 - 261 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirementshigh
#R035microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose for 4-log inactivation of Pseudomonas speciesdrinking watertreatment_goal3.1 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4-log inactivationhigh
#R036microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose for 4-log inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocystsdrinking watertreatment_goal22 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4-log inactivationhigh
#R037microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose for 4-log inactivation of Giardia cystsdrinking watertreatment_goal22 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4-log inactivationhigh
#R038microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose range for 4-log inactivation of Pathogenic Gastrointestinal Bacteriadrinking watertreatment_goal5 - 51 mJ/cm2Includes E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, and Yersiniahigh
#R039microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose range for 4-log inactivation of Mycobacterium aviumdrinking watertreatment_goal12.3 - 64 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirementshigh
#R040microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineUV dose range for 2 to 5-log inactivation of specific Mycobacterium speciesdrinking watertreatment_goal96 - 192 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 2-5 log removalhigh
#R041microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT range for 2-log inactivation of Naegleria fowleri cysts (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal31 - 37 mg*min/LRelative CT values for 4-log removal based on Figure D1 descriptionhigh
#R042microbiologicaltreatmentguidelineCT range for 3 to 4-log inactivation of Legionella pneumophila (Free Chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal0.1 - 0.3 mg*min/LRelative CT valueshigh
#R043microbiologicaloperationalguidelineLegionella action level range for potable water systemsdrinking waterrequirement> 1000 - 10000 CFU/LRange of action levels recommended by various agenciesPotable water systemshigh
#R044microbiologicaloperationalguidelineLegionella action level range for cooling towersotherrequirement> 1000 - 1000000 CFU/LRange of action levels recommended by various agenciesCooling towershigh
#R045physicaltreatmentrecommendedSuperheat and flush disinfection temperaturedrinking watertreatment_goal> 50 - 70 °CControl measure used in building systems/health care facilitiesPlumbing system remediationhigh
#R046operationaltreatmentguidelineDesign CT for 4-log virus inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal12 - 15 mg*min/LTypical design CTs required for inactivation creditsFree chlorinehigh
#R047operationaltreatmentguidelineDesign CT for 0.5-log Giardia inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal35 - 65 mg*min/LTypical design CTs required for inactivation creditsFree chlorinehigh
#R048operationaltreatmentguidelineTime for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated L. pneumophila (Free Chlorine at 0.2 mg/L)drinking watertreatment_goal44.3 minutesCalculated time to achieve inactivation at specific residual concentrationFree chlorine 0.2 mg/L; pH 8; 21 °Chigh
#R049operationaltreatmentguidelineTime for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated L. pneumophila (Free Chlorine at 0.5 mg/L)drinking watertreatment_goal17.7 minutesCalculated time to achieve inactivation at specific residual concentrationFree chlorine 0.5 mg/L; pH 8; 21 °Chigh
#R050operationaltreatmentguidelineTime for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated L. pneumophila (Free Chlorine at 1.0 mg/L)drinking watertreatment_goal8.9 minutesCalculated time to achieve inactivation at specific residual concentrationFree chlorine 1.0 mg/L; pH 8; 21 °Chigh
#R051operationaltreatmentguidelineTime for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated L. pneumophila (Monochloramine at 1.0 mg/L)drinking watertreatment_goal17.2 minutesCalculated time to achieve inactivation at specific residual concentrationMonochloramine 1.0 mg/L; pH 8; 21 °Chigh
#R052operationaltreatmentguidelineTime for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated L. pneumophila (Monochloramine at 1.5 mg/L)drinking watertreatment_goal11.4 minutesCalculated time to achieve inactivation at specific residual concentrationMonochloramine 1.5 mg/L; pH 8; 21 °Chigh
#R053operationaltreatmentguidelineTime for 2-log inactivation of biofilm-associated L. pneumophila (Monochloramine at 1.8 mg/L)drinking watertreatment_goal9.5 minutesCalculated time to achieve inactivation at specific residual concentrationMonochloramine 1.8 mg/L; pH 8; 21 °Chigh

D Definitions (93)

Req ID Category Name Context Confidence
#D001Subacute cases of diarrheathose lasting from two weeks to two monthshigh
#D002AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndromehigh
#D003AKAcanthamoeba keratitishigh
#D004ANSIAmerican National Standards Institutehigh
#D005ASHRAEAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineershigh
#D006CDCCenters for Disease Control and Preventionhigh
#D007CFUcolony forming unitshigh
#D008CTconcentration (C) × time (T)high
#D009DAECdiffuse adherent Escherichia colihigh
#D010DNAdeoxyribonucleic acidhigh
#D011EAECenteroaggregative Escherichia colihigh
#D012E. coliEscherichia colihigh
#D013EHECenterohaemorrhagic Escherichia colihigh
#D014EIECenteroinvasive Escherichia colihigh
#D015EPECenteropathogenic Escherichia colihigh
#D016ESBLextended spectrum β-lactamasehigh
#D017ETECenterotoxigenic Escherichia colihigh
#D018EUEuropean Unionhigh
#D019GACgranulated activated carbonhigh
#D020GAEgranulomatous amoebic encephalitishigh
#D021HIVhuman immunodeficiency virushigh
#D022HPCheterotrophic plate counthigh
#D023HUShemolytic uremic syndromehigh
#D024HVACheating, ventilation and air conditioninghigh
#D025IARCInternational Agency for Research on Cancerhigh
#D026ISOInternational Organization for Standardizationhigh
#D027NASEMNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicinehigh
#D028NPCNational Plumbing Code (Canada)high
#D029NSFNSF Internationalhigh
#D030NTMnon-tuberculous mycobacteriahigh
#D031PAMprimary amebic meningoencephalitishigh
#D032PCRpolymerase chain reactionhigh
#D033PHACPublic Health Agency of Canadahigh
#D034POEpoint-of-entryhigh
#D035POUpoint-of-usehigh
#D036QMRAquantitative microbial risk assessmenthigh
#D037SCCStandards Council of Canadahigh
#D038spp.specieshigh
#D039US EPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyhigh
#D040U.S.United Stateshigh
#D041UVultraviolethigh
#D042VBNCviable but non-culturablehigh
#D043VTECverotoxin-producing Escherichia colihigh
#D044WHOWorld Health Organizationhigh
#D045ITintensity measured in mW/cm2 or W/m 2× time measured in seconds resulting in a computed fluence in mJ/cm2high
#D046shigellosisdisease caused by Shigella spp.high
#D047Chronic casespersist for longer periodshigh
#D048yersiniosisDisease caused by Y. enterocolitica or Y. paratuberculosishigh
#D049legionellosisIllnesses caused by Legionella spp.high
#D050Hypersensitivity pneumonitisa form of pulmonary illness where inflammation within the lung is attributable to the body’s immune response to mycobacterial antigenshigh
#D051Cervical lymphadenitisa disease of childhood, marked by swollen lymph nodes in the head or neckhigh
#D052rapid growersbased on the time required to produce colonies on growth mediahigh
#D053slow growersbased on the time required to produce colonies on growth mediahigh
#D054Guidance documentsprovide advice and guidance on issues related to drinking water quality for parameters that do not require a formal Guideline for Canadian Drinking Water Qualityhigh
#D055Guidelinesestablished under the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality specifically for contaminants that meet all of the following criteria: 1. exposure to the contaminant could lead to adverse health effects; 2. the contaminant is frequently detected or could be expected to be found in a large number of drinking water supplies throughout Canada; and 3. the contaminant is detected, or could be expected to be detected, at a level that is of possible health significance.high
#D056opportunistic pathogensmicroorganisms... naturally found in aquatic environments and can cause opportunistic infections when the conditions in engineered water systems (e.g., drinking water distribution systems and building/premise plumbing) allow them to multiply and spread primarily to individuals who are susceptible to infectionhigh
#D057Legionnaires’ diseasea severe respiratory illness involving pneumoniahigh
#D058Pontiac fevera milder, flu-like, self-limiting and non-pneumonic disease associated with exposure to Legionellahigh
#D059planktonicfreely floatinghigh
#D060zoonotic pathogenstransmitted from animals to humanshigh
#D061thermotolerantcan survive at high temperatures, between 55 and 70°Chigh
#D062thermophilicgrow well at 25-40°C (optimum: 37°C) and can tolerate temperatures exceeding 50-60°Chigh
#D063MACMycobacterium avium complexhigh
#D064typhoidal Salmonellathe causative agents of enteric fever (also known as typhoid or paratyphoid fever), a serious and life-threatening illnesshigh
#D065enteric fevera serious and life-threatening illness (also known as typhoid or paratyphoid fever) caused by typhoidal Salmonellahigh
#D066non-typhoidal Salmonellaa large group containing the remainder of the S. enterica serotypes which cause gastrointestinal illness of varying severityhigh
#D067biotypesvariants differentiated by physiochemical and biochemical testshigh
#D068serotypesvariants based on variations in their surface O antigenshigh
#D069Campylobactera bacterial genus that contains over 30 recognized specieshigh
#D070Escherichia coliGram-negative bacteria that are a member of the natural intestinal microbial community of humans and animalshigh
#D071Helicobacter pyloria pathogenic bacterium that can colonize the human stomach and is responsible for causing gastrointestinal diseases which can include gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancerhigh
#D072Salmonellaa large and diverse group of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal infections in animals and humanshigh
#D073Yersiniagenus (Class: Gammaproteobacteria, Family: Enterobacteriaceae) contains approximately 20 bacterial specieshigh
#D074Aeromonasbacterial genus (Class: Gammaproteobacteria) has a complex taxonomyhigh
#D075Legionellabacterial genus (Class: Gammaproteobacteria) comprises 61 species and 3 subspecieshigh
#D076Mycobacteriumgenus (Class: Actinobacteria) contains over 200 recognized specieshigh
#D077Pseudomonasbacterial genus (Class: Gammaproteobacteria) includes over 30 specieshigh
#D078Acanthamoeba spp.free-living amoebae commonly found in soil and aquatic environmentshigh
#D079Naegleria fowleria pathogenic free‐living amoeba that causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humanshigh
#D080EHECthe subset of E. coli that can produce one or more of the potent Shiga toxins and are considered to be highly pathogenic to humanshigh
#D081hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)results in decreased blood cell and platelet counts and acute kidney failurehigh
#D082microaerophilicrequire lower oxygen levelshigh
#D083NTMa group of over 150 distinct species that are considered to be opportunistic human pathogenshigh
#D084PAMa rare but almost always fatal diseasehigh
#D085final discharge pointan identifiable discharge point of a mine beyond which the operator of the mine no longer exercises control over the quality of the effluent.high
#D086tailings impoundment areaa water or place set out in Schedule 2 of the Regulations or a confined disposal area other than a disposal area that is or is part of a natural water body that is frequented by fishhigh
#D087Acartia tonsaan invertebrate that serves as an indicator to assess toxicity in salt-water or brackish environments.high
#D088Daphnia magnaa small aquatic crustacean that is a food source for many fish.high
#D089MERSMine Effluent Reporting Systemhigh
#D090EEMEREnvironmental Effects Monitoring Electronic Reporting Systemhigh
#D091ECCCEnvironment and Climate Change Canadahigh
#D092PDFPortable Document Formathigh
#D093KBKilobytehigh