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Document ID ca-gwpdw-2022-09-2 Title Guidance on waterborne pathogens in drinking water URL https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports-publications/water-quality/guidance-waterborne-pathogens-drinking-water.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) none Language Status completed Analyzed at 2026-05-13 14:56:54.871808+00:00 Relevance inventory_targeted_fetch

63 Qualitative 46 Quantitative 85 Definitions

Q Qualitative Requirements (63)

Req ID	Category	Intent	Legal Status	Name	Subdomain(s)	Context	Conditions	Confidence
#Q001	operational	health	recommended	Source-to-tap or water safety plan approach	drinking water	a priority focus on drinking water process management, for example, through the implementation of a source-to-tap or water safety plan approach, is the recommended strategy for water utilities to manage potential risks.	To manage potential risks from waterborne pathogens	high
#Q002	reporting	reporting	recommended	Education and outreach programs	drinking water	Water utilities should also have education and outreach programs to make consumers aware of how water quality can deteriorate within residential and building plumbing systems.		high
#Q003	operational	health	recommended	Building water management plans	drinking water	Building water management plans are the recommended best practice for building owners/managers.		high
#Q004	monitoring	health	recommended	Multi-parameter risk management strategies	drinking water	water utilities and building owners/managers should have appropriate risk management strategies that utilize multiple parameters to assess the performance of drinking water treatment and/or distribution operations.		high
#Q005	monitoring	health	recommended	Source water assessments contents	drinking water	Source water assessments should include: the identification of potential sources of microbiological contamination in the watershed/aquifer; potential pathways and/or events (low to high risk) by which microorganisms of concern can make their way into the source water and affect water quality; and conditions likely to lead to peak concentrations.		high
#Q006	monitoring	health	recommended	Subsurface source assessments	drinking water	Assessments for subsurface sources should include, at a minimum, a hydrogeological assessment, an evaluation of well integrity and a survey of activities and physical features in the area	When evaluating subsurface sources	high
#Q007	monitoring	health	guidance	Land-based and aerosol-generating activities risk assessment	drinking water	It is important that risks from both land-based and aerosol-generating activities (e.g., spray irrigation, pressure washers) be considered in the source water assessment.		high
#Q008	monitoring	health	recommended	Nutrient concentration characterization	drinking water	surface and subsurface sources should be characterized with regard to organic and inorganic nutrient concentrations		high
#Q009	treatment	treatment	recommended	Produce biologically stable water	drinking water	Water utilities should therefore aim to produce biologically stable water to minimize the potential for problems to occur in distribution and premise plumbing systems		high
#Q010	treatment	treatment	guidance	Optimize treatment for turbidity and NOM	drinking water	Important elements related to drinking water treatment include: optimize treatment performance for turbidity and natural organic matter removal;		high
#Q011	treatment	treatment	guidance	Apply primary disinfection properly	drinking water	Important elements related to drinking water treatment include: properly apply primary disinfection technologies to meet appropriate CT (disinfectant concentration in mg/L × time in minutes) requirements when using chemical oxidants (i.e., free chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide) or IT (intensity measured in mW/cm2 or W/m 2× time measured in seconds resulting in a computed fluence in mJ/cm2) requirements when using ultraviolet (UV) disinfection;	when using chemical oxidants or UV disinfection	high
#Q012	treatment	treatment	guidance	Minimize nutrient concentrations in treated water	drinking water	Important elements related to drinking water treatment include: minimize nutrient concentrations in treated water and have a good understanding of their concentrations in the distribution system;		high
#Q013	treatment	treatment	guidance	Optimize treatment to minimize scaling and corrosion	drinking water	Important elements related to drinking water treatment include: optimize treatment to minimize the amount of scaling and/or corrosion in the distribution system;		high
#Q014	treatment	treatment	guidance	Apply secondary disinfection	drinking water	Important elements related to drinking water treatment include: properly apply secondary disinfection technologies (i.e., free chlorine or monochloramine) for residual maintenance in the distribution system;		high
#Q015	monitoring	health	guidance	Conduct performance testing at treatment plant	drinking water	Important elements related to drinking water treatment include: conduct performance testing using multiple parameters (e.g., disinfectant residual, microbiological indicators, pH, turbidity);		high
#Q016	operational	operational	guidance	Provide operator training	drinking water	Important elements related to drinking water treatment include: provide operator training to assure the effectiveness of the water safety plan at all times.		high
#Q017	prohibition	treatment	recommended	Monochloramine for secondary disinfection only	drinking water	It is important to note that monochloramine is recommended only for secondary disinfection and residual maintenance in the distribution system		high
#Q018	monitoring	health	recommended	Multi-parametric monitoring in distribution system	drinking water	Comprehensive, multi-parametric monitoring programs (e.g., disinfectant residual paired with temperature and biofilm formation rate) are recommended to confirm system-specific requirements		high
#Q019	design	operational	guidance	Use proper construction materials	drinking water	Key distribution system operational and maintenance practices include: use proper construction materials;		high
#Q020	corrective_action	treatment	guidance	Maintain disinfectant residual and take preventive/corrective actions	drinking water	Key distribution system operational and maintenance practices include: maintain an effective disinfectant residual and take preventive/corrective actions when low disinfectant residuals occur, particularly during warm water temperature conditions when biofilm growth accelerates;	when low disinfectant residuals occur	high
#Q021	operational	operational	guidance	Manage water age and temperature	drinking water	Key distribution system operational and maintenance practices include: manage water age and the effects of temperature;		high
#Q022	operational	health	guidance	Minimize contaminant entry from external sources	drinking water	Key distribution system operational and maintenance practices include: minimize the potential for contaminant entry from external sources (e.g., maintain positive pressure, implement cross-connection/backflow control programs, practice strict hygiene during mains constructions and repairs);		high
#Q023	operational	operational	guidance	Keep distribution system clean	drinking water	Key distribution system operational and maintenance practices include: keep the distribution system clean by removing biofilm, loose deposits and sediment from watermains and storage facilities (e.g., use of appropriate flushing and cleaning techniques);		high
#Q024	monitoring	health	guidance	Conduct performance testing in distribution system	drinking water	Key distribution system operational and maintenance practices include: conduct performance testing using multiple parameters (e.g., disinfectant residual, microbiological indicators, biological stability indicators, pH, pressure, temperature, turbidity);		high
#Q025	operational	operational	guidance	Provide operator training for distribution	drinking water	Key distribution system operational and maintenance practices include: provide operator training to assure the effectiveness of the water safety plan at all times.		high
#Q026	reporting	reporting	recommended	Educate customers on premise plumbing	drinking water	Thus, water utilities should educate their customers of the potential for water quality deterioration in premise plumbing.		high
#Q027	operational	health	guidance	Building owner responsibility for water quality	drinking water	Building owners/managers are responsible for managing water quality within their buildings and therefore should be aware of practices that reduce the risk of microorganism growth.		high
#Q028	design	treatment	guidance	Limit nutrient levels in plumbing	drinking water	Important elements of control strategies for plumbing systems include: limiting nutrient levels through an emphasis on system design and materials;		high
#Q029	design	operational	guidance	Minimize areas of low flow or stagnation	drinking water	Important elements of control strategies for plumbing systems include: minimizing areas of low flow/stagnation;		high
#Q030	operational	treatment	guidance	Manage cold and hot water system temperatures	drinking water	Important elements of control strategies for plumbing systems include: keeping temperatures of cold and hot water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth (e.g., cold water less than 20°C, hot water tank temperature greater than 60°C; hot water lines at distal points ideally greater than 55°C);		high
#Q031	operational	health	guidance	Reduce aerosol formation and transmission	drinking water	Important elements of control strategies for plumbing systems include: reducing the formation and transmission of contaminated aerosols from system components such as cooling towers, showers, faucets, hot tubs and humidifiers.		high
#Q032	administrative	reporting	recommended	Contact responsible authority for specific requirements	drinking water	In addition, building owners/managers should contact the responsible authority in the affected jurisdiction to confirm if specific requirements will apply to their system (e.g., cooling tower registry).		high
#Q033	reporting	reporting	guidance	Establish education and outreach programs	drinking water	Establish education and outreach programs to inform water consumers about the risks posed by water quality degradation from the source to the tap		high
#Q034	administrative	operational	recommended	Consult responsible authority for forecast scenarios	drinking water	The responsible authority should be consulted to discuss relevant forecast scenarios.		high
#Q035	operational	operational	recommended	Integrate climate change risks into management strategies	drinking water	Thus, water utilities and building owners/managers should integrate the risks associated with climate change into their management strategies to maximize the reliability, robustness and resilience of their water systems.		high
#Q036	prohibition	treatment	recommended	Prohibition of monochloramine for primary disinfection	drinking water	Monochloramine should not be used for primary disinfection due to its low oxidation potential; monochloramine is recommended only for secondary disinfection (i.e., to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system)		high
#Q037	monitoring	health	guidance	Residential physical inspection and testing	drinking water	For residential-scale systems and private wells, regular physical inspection to identify deficiencies and testing of the water system (e.g., for Escherichia coli and total coliforms) to confirm the microbiological quality of the water are important.		high
#Q038	treatment	health	recommended	Use certified drinking water treatment devices	drinking water	Where treatment is necessary, Health Canada recommends that consumers use devices certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standards	Where treatment is necessary	high
#Q039	monitoring	health	guidance	Include additional parameters when microbiological problems suspected	drinking water	Where problems with the microbiological quality of the drinking water are suspected, it may be useful to include additional parameters (e.g., HPC) in the analysis	Where problems with the microbiological quality of the drinking water are suspected	medium
#Q040	administrative	operational	recommended	Obtain specific guidance from responsible authority	drinking water	Specific guidance on construction, operation, maintenance and testing should be obtained from the responsible drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction.		high
#Q041	monitoring	health	recommended	Environmental monitoring informed by site-specific risk assessment	drinking water	Thus environmental monitoring at individual facilities should be informed by a site-specific risk assessment as part of a Water Management Plan		high
#Q042	administrative	treatment	recommended	Consult water treatment professional before supplemental disinfection	drinking water	A water treatment professional should be consulted before applying any supplemental disinfection.	before applying any supplemental disinfection	high
#Q043	design	operational	recommended	Positioning of mixing valves	drinking water	Mixing valves should be positioned as close as possible to the point of use and provide access for maintenance and cleaning		high
#Q044	operational	treatment	recommended	Minimum weekly flushing of plumbing	drinking water	Guidance documents for building systems recommend minimum weekly flushing of low flow pipe runs, dead ends/dead legs and infrequently used fittings or outlets		high
#Q045	operational	health	recommended	Regular cleaning and maintenance of plumbing fittings	drinking water	Additional actions recommended as part of a water safety plan include regular cleaning and maintenance of plumbing fittings and equipment that can support biofilm growth and aerosol formation (faucets, showerheads, hot tubs/spas, cooling towers)		high
#Q046	operational	health	guidance	Cleaning and maintenance of plumbing fittings for Acanthamoeba control	drinking water	As part of a general facility water management plan, building system managers may implement regular cleaning and maintenance of plumbing fittings and equipment that can support biofilm growth and aerosol formation (e.g., faucets, showerheads, hot tubs/spas, cooling towers).		high
#Q047	operational	health	recommended	Guidance for contact lens wearers	drinking water	Individuals in the home who wear contact lenses should also follow guidance from their eye care providers on proper lens handling, cleaning and wear	For individuals who wear contact lenses	high
#Q048	operational	health	recommended	Use boiled or distilled water for nasal rinses	drinking water	individuals should ensure that they conduct nasal rinses using water that has been boiled and cooled, or distilled water.	when conducting nasal rinses	high
#Q049	operational	health	guidance	Opportunistic pathogen awareness for water management	drinking water	It is important that those responsible for managing drinking water quality be aware that the absence of indicator bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli , total coliforms) does not indicate the absence of opportunistic pathogens such as Legionella and Mycobacterium.		high
#Q050	treatment	treatment	guidance	Disinfectant concentration adjustment for biofilm removal	drinking water	Water utilities that regularly remove biofilms and loose deposits from their distribution systems may require lower concentrations.	For systems that regularly remove biofilms and loose deposits	high
#Q051	operational	treatment	recommended	Electric storage-type water heater temperature preset	drinking water	electric storage-type water heaters should be pre-set to a temperature of 60°C as a result of the temperature stratification that can occur with this type of heater.		high
#Q052	operational	treatment	guidance	Building flushing frequency for at-risk populations	drinking water	For buildings with larger numbers of at-risk individuals, more frequent flushing may be needed, as determined by the risk assessment	For buildings with larger numbers of at-risk individuals	high
#Q053	treatment	treatment	recommended	Chlorine residual for Naegleria control	drinking water	Maintaining a minimum free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L throughout the distribution system is recommended for the control of N. fowleri in vulnerable drinking water systems	In vulnerable drinking water systems	high
#Q054	monitoring	operational	recommended	Biofilm control disinfectant residual targets	drinking water	Studies indicate that disinfectant residual concentrations in the order of 1.0 mg/L free chlorine (for systems that chlorinate) and 1.8 mg/L total chlorine (for systems that chloraminate) are required for controlling biofilm formation	for systems aiming to control biofilm growth in the distribution system	high
#Q055	operational	health	guidance	Maximum water outlet temperature (scalding prevention)	drinking water	The NPC specifies that water valves supplying showerheads and bathtubs should be capable of maintaining a water outlet temperature that does not exceed 49°C in order to reduce the risk of scalding	for plumbing valves supplying showerheads and bathtubs	high
#Q056	operational	health	guidance	Plumbing flushing precaution	drinking water	Care should be taken during plumbing flushing procedures.	during plumbing flushing procedures due to potential aerosol generation	high
#Q057	operational	health	guidance	Eyewash station microbiological control	drinking water	Control of Acanthamoeba spp. may be particularly important in some specialised uses of water such as emergency eye-wash stations.	for emergency eye-wash stations	high
#Q058	treatment	treatment	recommended	Monochloramine residual for Naegleria control	drinking water	The suggested best practice for a chloramine residual of greater than 1.5 mg/L throughout the distribution system (Health Canada, 2020b) is sufficient for N. fowleri control	for systems using chloramination in Naegleria-vulnerable areas	high
#Q059	treatment	treatment	mandatory	Protozoa control for Legionella mitigation	drinking water	Providing effective control of free-living protozoa in drinking water (e.g., Acanthamoeba , Naegleria – see Section B.2.2) is also necessary for reducing Legionella populations	within treatment plant processes to manage downstream Legionella risks	high
#Q060	operational	operational	recommended	Balancing secondary disinfectant objectives	drinking water	the choice of disinfectant residual should effectively balance concomitant water quality objectives related to: 1) microbial species (e.g., Legionella , mycobacteria); 2) water chemistry; 3) disinfection by-product concentrations; and 4) the complexity of the distribution system (Donohue et al., 2019a).	When choosing a secondary disinfectant for residual maintenance	high
#Q061	administrative	operational	mandatory	Tap temperature regulatory compliance	drinking water	Applications of temperature management strategies should operate in accordance with regulations in place regarding maximum allowable temperatures at the tap.	When implementing temperature management strategies in plumbing	high
#Q062	operational	treatment	recommended	Legionella control co-benefits	drinking water	Ideally, selected controls for Legionella should have benefits for the control of other pathogens in water systems (NASEM, 2020).		high
#Q063	monitoring	health	guidance	Integrated Legionella monitoring programs	drinking water	In general, monitoring programs consist of routine monitoring of general microbiological quality, as an indication of system control, in conjunction with testing for Legionella at regular time intervals	as part of a Water Management Plan	high

P Quantitative Requirements (46)

Req ID	Category	Intent	Legal Status	Name	Subdomain(s)	Limit Type	Limit Value	Context	Conditions	Confidence
#P001	operational	treatment	recommended	Disinfectant residual	drinking water	requirement	> 0.2 mg/L	Minimum disinfectant residual concentration required to control microbiological (re)growth in the distribution system.	Drinking water distribution systems	high
#P002	operational	treatment	recommended	Free chlorine	drinking water	treatment_goal	1.0 mg/L	Required for controlling biofilm formation in systems that chlorinate.	Drinking water distribution systems	high
#P003	operational	treatment	recommended	Total chlorine	drinking water	treatment_goal	1.8 mg/L	Required for controlling biofilm formation in systems that chloraminate.	Drinking water distribution systems	high
#P004	operational	operational	recommended	Cold water system temperature	drinking water	requirement	< 20 °C	Keeping temperatures of cold water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth.	Premise plumbing systems	high
#P005	operational	operational	recommended	Hot water tank temperature	drinking water	requirement	> 60 °C	Keeping temperatures of hot water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth.	Premise plumbing systems	high
#P006	operational	operational	recommended	Hot water lines at distal points	drinking water	requirement	> 55 °C	Keeping temperatures of hot water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth.	Premise plumbing systems	high
#P007	operational	health	mandatory	Water outlet temperature	drinking water	MAC	<= 49 °C	Water valves supplying showerheads and bathtubs should be capable of maintaining a water outlet temperature that does not exceed 49°C in order to reduce the risk of scalding.	Premise plumbing systems (NPC specification)	high
#P008	operational	treatment	recommended	Free chlorine residual	drinking water	requirement	0.3 mg/L	Minimum free chlorine residual target for Legionella control in plumbing systems for health-care facilities.	Health-care facilities	medium
#P009	operational	treatment	recommended	Monochloramine	drinking water	requirement	1.5 mg/L	Minimum monochloramine residual target for Legionella control in plumbing systems for health-care facilities.	Health-care facilities	medium
#P010	operational	treatment	recommended	Free chlorine residual	drinking water	requirement	0.5 mg/L	Maintaining a minimum free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L throughout the distribution system is recommended for the control of N. fowleri in vulnerable drinking water systems.	Vulnerable drinking water systems	high
#P011	operational	treatment	recommended	Chloramine residual	drinking water	requirement	> 1.5 mg/L	Suggested best practice for a chloramine residual of greater than 1.5 mg/L throughout the distribution system is sufficient for N. fowleri control.	Vulnerable drinking water systems	high
#P012	microbiological	operational	guideline	Legionella action level	drinking water	OG	50,000 CFU/L	Concentration that warrants concern and should trigger remedial activities based on meta-analysis of occurrence data.	Cooling towers, wastewater treatment plants, recreational facilities, buildings, and residences	high
#P013	operational	treatment	recommended	Free chlorine residual (Healthcare)	drinking water	requirement	0.5 mg/L	Maximum recommended target in the range (0.3 to 0.5 mg/L) for Legionella control in health-care facility plumbing.	Health-care facilities	high
#P014	design	treatment	mandatory	Typical design CT (Virus)	drinking water	treatment_goal	12-15 mg∙min/L	Typical design CTs required to achieve 4 log virus inactivation.	Water treatment plants using free chlorine	high
#P015	design	treatment	mandatory	Typical design CT (Giardia)	drinking water	treatment_goal	35-65 mg∙min/L	Typical design CTs required to achieve 0.5 log Giardia inactivation.	Water treatment plants using free chlorine	high
#P016	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose (Naegleria fowleri)	drinking water	treatment_goal	121 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Naegleria fowleri cysts.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P017	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose (Acanthamoeba spp.)	drinking water	treatment_goal	167 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Acanthamoeba spp. cysts.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P018	microbiological	operational	guideline	Legionella Action Level (EU)	drinking water	requirement	1000 CFU/L	2020 European Union Drinking Water Directive action level for premise plumbing systems.	Premise plumbing systems	high
#P019	microbiological	operational	mandatory	Aeromonas Target Limit (Netherlands)	drinking water	requirement	< 1000 CFU/100 mL	Dutch drinking water legislation monitoring requirement for Aeromonas as an operational parameter.	Drinking water supplies	high
#P020	operational	treatment	recommended	Thermal Shock Temperature	drinking water	requirement	70 °C	Stringent thermal shock utilized as an extreme remediation measure for Legionella.	Building water systems	high
#P021	operational	treatment	recommended	Thermal Shock Duration	drinking water	requirement	30 minutes	Duration for stringent thermal shock remediation measure.	Building water systems	high
#P022	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2 log inactivation (Legionella biofilm - Free Chlorine)	drinking water	treatment_goal	8.86 mg∙min/L	CT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.	pH 8, temperature 21 °C	high
#P023	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2 log inactivation (Legionella biofilm - Monochloramine)	drinking water	treatment_goal	17.16 mg∙min/L	CT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.	pH 8, temperature 21 °C	high
#P024	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2 log inactivation (Acanthamoeba species cysts)	drinking water	treatment_goal	1300 mg∙min/L	CT requirement for free chlorine inactivation of Acanthamoeba cysts.	Free chlorine, 5-25°C, pH 6-9	high
#P025	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 3 log inactivation (Legionella biofilm - Free Chlorine)	drinking water	treatment_goal	36.11 mg∙min/L	CT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.	pH 8, temperature 21 °C	high
#P026	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 4 log inactivation (Legionella biofilm - Free Chlorine)	drinking water	treatment_goal	63.67 mg∙min/L	CT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.	pH 8, temperature 21 °C	high
#P027	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 3 log inactivation (Legionella biofilm - Monochloramine)	drinking water	treatment_goal	62.80 mg∙min/L	CT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.	pH 8, temperature 21 °C	high
#P028	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 4 log inactivation (Legionella biofilm - Monochloramine)	drinking water	treatment_goal	108.44 mg∙min/L	CT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.	pH 8, temperature 21 °C	high
#P029	operational	treatment	recommended	Free chlorine residual (Pseudomonas control)	drinking water	treatment_goal	> 0.3 mg/L	Maintaining free chlorine residuals above 0.3 mg/L is useful for control of Pseudomonas spp. in bulk water.	Drinking water distribution systems bulk water	high
#P030	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 4-log inactivation (Naegleria fowleri cysts)	drinking water	treatment_goal	31 to 37 mg∙min/L	CT values for 4 log removal of Naegleria fowleri cysts using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P031	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 3-log inactivation (Mycobacterium avium)	drinking water	treatment_goal	51 to 1552 mg∙min/L	CT values for 3 log removal of Mycobacterium avium using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P032	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2-log inactivation (Aeromonas species)	drinking water	treatment_goal	0.2 to 1.4 mg∙min/L	CT values for 2 log inactivation of Aeromonas species using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P033	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2-log inactivation (Pseudomonas species)	drinking water	treatment_goal	0.0073 to 4.3 mg∙min/L	CT values for 2 log inactivation of Pseudomonas species using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P034	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2-log inactivation (Enteric Bacteria Group)	drinking water	treatment_goal	0.034 to 5.1 mg∙min/L	CT values for 2 log inactivation of E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P035	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 4-log inactivation (Cryptosporidium/Giardia)	drinking water	treatment_goal	22 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P036	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 4-log inactivation (Adenovirus)	drinking water	treatment_goal	51 to 261 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Adenovirus.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P037	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2-log inactivation (Enteric viruses)	drinking water	treatment_goal	0.01 to 12 mg∙min/L	CT values required for achieving a 2 log reduction in numbers for Enteric viruses using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P038	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 3-4 log removal (Legionella pneumophila)	drinking water	treatment_goal	0.1 to 0.3 mg∙min/L	CT values required for achieving a 3 to 4 log reduction in numbers for Legionella pneumophila using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P039	operational	treatment	guideline	CT for 2-log inactivation (Giardia cysts)	drinking water	treatment_goal	25 to 99 mg∙min/L	CT values required for achieving a 2 log reduction in numbers for Giardia cysts using free chlorine (5-25°C, pH 6-9).	Free chlorine disinfection	high
#P040	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 4-log reduction (Pseudomonas species)	drinking water	treatment_goal	3.1 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Pseudomonas species.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P041	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 2-log removal (Aeromonas species)	drinking water	treatment_goal	2.5 to 8 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 2 log removal of Aeromonas species.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P042	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 4-log reduction (Legionella pneumophila)	drinking water	treatment_goal	11 to 30 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Legionella pneumophila.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P043	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 4-log reduction (Enteric Bacteria Group)	drinking water	treatment_goal	5 to 51 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and Yersinia.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P044	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 4-log reduction (Enteric Virus Group)	drinking water	treatment_goal	16.4 to 61 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Hepatitis A, Coxsackievirus, Poliovirus, and Rotavirus.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P045	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 4-log reduction (Mycobacterium avium)	drinking water	treatment_goal	12.3 to 64 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 4 log reduction of Mycobacterium avium.	UV disinfection systems	high
#P046	operational	treatment	guideline	UV dose for 2-5 log removal (Specific Mycobacterium strains)	drinking water	treatment_goal	96 to 192 mJ/cm2	UV dose requirement for 2 to 5 log removal of some strains of Mycobacterium species.	UV disinfection systems	high

D Definitions (85)

Req ID	Name	Context	Confidence
#D001	Subacute cases of diarrhea	Subacute cases of diarrhea are defined as those lasting from two weeks to two months	high
#D002	AIDS	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	high
#D003	AK	Acanthamoeba keratitis	high
#D004	ANSI	American National Standards Institute	high
#D005	ASHRAE	American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers	high
#D006	CDC	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	high
#D007	CFU	colony forming units	high
#D008	CT	concentration (C) × time (T)	high
#D009	DAEC	diffuse adherent Escherichia coli	high
#D010	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid	high
#D011	EAEC	enteroaggregative Escherichia coli	high
#D012	E. coli	Escherichia coli	high
#D013	EHEC	enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli	high
#D014	EIEC	enteroinvasive Escherichia coli	high
#D015	EPEC	enteropathogenic Escherichia coli	high
#D016	ESBL	extended spectrum β-lactamase	high
#D017	ETEC	enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli	high
#D018	EU	European Union	high
#D019	GAC	granulated activated carbon	high
#D020	GAE	granulomatous amoebic encephalitis	high
#D021	HIV	human immunodeficiency virus	high
#D022	HPC	heterotrophic plate count	high
#D023	HUS	hemolytic uremic syndrome	high
#D024	HVAC	heating, ventilation and air conditioning	high
#D025	IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer	high
#D026	ISO	International Organization for Standardization	high
#D027	NASEM	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine	high
#D028	NPC	National Plumbing Code (Canada)	high
#D029	NSF	NSF International	high
#D030	NTM	non-tuberculous mycobacteria	high
#D031	PAM	primary amebic meningoencephalitis	high
#D032	PCR	polymerase chain reaction	high
#D033	PHAC	Public Health Agency of Canada	high
#D034	POE	point-of-entry	high
#D035	POU	point-of-use	high
#D036	QMRA	quantitative microbial risk assessment	high
#D037	SCC	Standards Council of Canada	high
#D038	spp.	species	high
#D039	US EPA	United States Environmental Protection Agency	high
#D040	U.S.	United States	high
#D041	UV	ultraviolet	high
#D042	VBNC	viable but non-culturable	high
#D043	VTEC	verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli	high
#D044	WHO	World Health Organization	high
#D045	IT	intensity measured in mW/cm2 or W/m 2× time measured in seconds resulting in a computed fluence in mJ/cm2	high
#D046	shigellosis	disease caused by Shigella spp.	high
#D047	enteric fever	also known as typhoid or paratyphoid fever	high
#D048	yersiniosis	Disease caused by Y. enterocolitica or Y. paratuberculosis	high
#D049	chronic cases	persist for longer periods	high
#D050	legionellosis	Illnesses caused by Legionella spp.	high
#D051	planktonic	freely floating	high
#D052	NTM	non-tuberculous mycobacteria, a group of over 150 distinct species that are considered to be opportunistic human pathogens	high
#D053	hypersensitivity pneumonitis	a form of pulmonary illness where inflammation within the lung is attributable to the body’s immune response to mycobacterial antigens	high
#D054	GAE	granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, a fatal disease which occurs when infection spreads to the brain and central nervous system	high
#D055	PAM	primary amebic meningoencephalitis, a rare but almost always fatal disease	high
#D056	Aquatic Life Reference Values (ALRVs)	ALRVs are pesticide concentrations in surface water below which risks to aquatic life are not expected.	high
#D057	Short-term (acute) ALRVs	These are indicative of the possible impacts to the aquatic environment that can come from short-term exposure to high concentrations of a pesticide.	high
#D058	Long-term (chronic) ALRVs	These are indicative of the possible impacts to the aquatic environment that can come from long-term exposure to pesticide concentrations.	high
#D059	ALRV Year Updated	refers to the year of publication of the final decision for the assessment upon which the latest ALRV was based.	high
#D060	ALRV Reference	refers to the published document that contains the toxicity values used to derive the ALRV.	high
#D061	Representative CAS number	a single CAS number associated with the active that has been selected to represent the active for the purposes of data analysis (for example, comparison against water monitoring data available on the Open Government Portal).	high
#D062	Registered CAS number(s)	includes CAS numbers of chemical forms associated with the active as it is currently registered; may include multiple CAS numbers.	high
#D063	Acute Fish ALRV	Acute Fish ALRV = Toxicity value x UF.	high
#D064	Chronic Fish ALRV	Chronic Fish ALRV = Toxicity value.	high
#D065	LC50	50 percent lethal concentration	high
#D066	LD50	50 percent lethal dose	high
#D067	EC50	50 percent effect concentration	high
#D068	IC50	50 percent inhibition concentration	high
#D069	NOAEC	no observed adverse effects concentration	high
#D070	NOEL	no observed effect level	high
#D071	NOEC	no observed effect concentration	high
#D072	HC5	5 percent hazard concentration	high
#D073	UF	uncertainty factor	high
#D074	µg/L	microgram per liter	high
#D075	Acute Invertebrate ALRV	Acute Invertebrate ALRV = Toxicity value x UF.	high
#D076	Chronic Invertebrate ALRV	Chronic Invertebrate ALRV = Toxicity value.	high
#D077	Non-vascular Plant ALRV	Non-vascular Plant ALRV = Toxicity value x UF.	high
#D078	Vascular Plant ALRV	Vascular Plant ALRV = Toxicity value x UF.	high
#D079	PMRA	Pest Management Regulatory Agency	high
#D080	USEPA	United States Environmental Protection Agency	high
#D081	USEPA ALBs	USEPA Aquatic Life Benchmarks	high
#D082	n/a	"n/a" indicates that acceptable aquatic toxicity values are not available.	high
#D083	EPA Benchmark	Where the ALRV reference indicates "EPA Benchmark", no ALRV was available and the EPA Aquatic Life Benchmark was used.	high
#D084	>	ALRVs preceded by ">" were derived from a "greater-than" value and may overestimate toxicity.	high
#D085	<	ALRVs preceded by "<" were derived from a "less-than" value and may underestimate toxicity.	high