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Document ID ca-gwpdw-2022-09-4 Title Guidance on waterborne pathogens in drinking water URL https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/wastewater/publications/effluent-regulatory-reporting-monitoring-report.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) none Language Status completed Analyzed at 2026-05-13 14:53:13.277724+00:00 Relevance inventory_targeted_fetch

Q Qualitative Requirements (44)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Context Conditions Confidence
#Q001reportingreportingmandatoryIdentification Report SubmissionwastewaterBefore being able to submit Monitoring Reports , an Identification Report must be submitted and approved for your wastewater system.Prior to submitting Monitoring Reportshigh
#Q002administrativereportingguidanceConsult Single Window / Identification Report User GuidewastewaterIf required, consult the Single Window / Identification Report User Guide.If required (for submitting and approving Identification Reports)high
#Q003administrativereportingrecommendedConsumer Education on Plumbing Qualitydrinking waterWater utilities should also have education and outreach programs to make consumers aware of how water quality can deteriorate within residential and building plumbing systems.high
#Q004monitoringoperationalrecommendedSubsurface Source Assessment Requirementsdrinking waterAssessments for subsurface sources should include, at a minimum, a hydrogeological assessment, an evaluation of well integrity and a survey of activities and physical features in the area (Health Canada 2019b, 2019c).When assessing subsurface water sourceshigh
#Q005monitoringoperationalrecommendedTreatment Performance Multi-Parameter Testingdrinking waterconduct performance testing using multiple parameters (e.g., disinfectant residual, microbiological indicators, pH, turbidity);During water treatment plant operationshigh
#Q006treatmenttreatmentrecommendedMonochloramine Disinfection Restrictiondrinking waterIt is important to note that monochloramine is recommended only for secondary disinfection and residual maintenance in the distribution system (Health Canada, 2019b).Selection of disinfection chemicalshigh
#Q007operationaltreatmentrecommendedDistribution System Biofilm Control Residualsdrinking waterMaintaining an effective disinfectant residual is essential to manage risks. There is increasing recognition that a minimum disinfectant residual concentration greater than 0.2 mg/L is required to control microbiological (re)growth in the distribution system.Maintenance of distribution systemhigh
#Q008operationalhealthrecommendedBuilding Water Temperature Managementdrinking waterkeeping temperatures of cold and hot water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth (e.g., cold water less than 20°C, hot water tank temperature greater than 60°C; hot water lines at distal points ideally greater than 55°C);Management of premise plumbing systemshigh
#Q009administrativeoperationalrecommendedClimate Change Management Strategy Integrationdrinking waterwater utilities and building owners/managers should integrate the risks associated with climate change into their management strategies to maximize the reliability, robustness and resilience of their water systems.high
#Q010operationalhealthrecommendedNasal Rinse Water Safety Requirementsdrinking waterindividuals should ensure that they conduct nasal rinses using water that has been boiled and cooled, or distilled water.Conducting nasal rinseshigh
#Q011administrativeoperationalrecommendedBuilding Water Management Plan Best Practicedrinking waterBuilding water management plans are the recommended best practice for building owners/managers.high
#Q012monitoringoperationalrecommendedMulti-Parameter Risk Management Strategydrinking waterwater utilities and building owners/managers should have appropriate risk management strategies that utilize multiple parameters to assess the performance of drinking water treatment and/or distribution operations.high
#Q013monitoringoperationalrecommendedComprehensive Source Water Assessmentdrinking waterSource water assessments should include: the identification of potential sources of microbiological contamination in the watershed/aquifer; potential pathways and/or events (low to high risk) by which microorganisms of concern can make their way into the source water and affect water quality; and conditions likely to lead to peak concentrations.During source-to-tap or water safety plan assessmentshigh
#Q014administrativereportingrecommendedCooling Tower Registry Inquirydrinking waterbuilding owners/managers should contact the responsible authority in the affected jurisdiction to confirm if specific requirements will apply to their system (e.g., cooling tower registry).For buildings with cooling towers or complex plumbinghigh
#Q015treatmenthealthrecommendedCertified Drinking Water Treatment Unitsdrinking waterWhere treatment is necessary, Health Canada recommends that consumers use devices certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standards (NSF/ANSI, 2018, 2019, 2020).When residential-scale treatment is necessaryhigh
#Q016operationalhealthguidanceHomeowner Hot Water Tank Temperature Maintenancedrinking waterHomeowners can also minimize their risk of exposure to opportunistic waterborne pathogens by maintaining the temperature of their hot water tank at a minimum of 60°C (WHO, 2011; Falkinham et al., 2015a, 2015b).For domestic risk managementhigh
#Q017administrativehealthrecommendedContact Lens Handling GuidanceotherIndividuals in the home who wear contact lenses should also follow guidance from their eye care providers on proper lens handling, cleaning and wear (CDC, 2017b).For individuals wearing contact lenseshigh
#Q018operationaltreatmentrecommendedN. fowleri Chlorine Residual Recommendationdrinking waterMaintaining a minimum free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L throughout the distribution system is recommended for the control of N. fowleri in vulnerable drinking water systems (NHMRC, NRMMC, 2011; Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, 2013; Bartrand et al., 2014).In drinking water systems vulnerable to N. fowlerihigh
#Q019operationaloperationalrecommendedBiological Stability Production Goaldrinking waterWater utilities should therefore aim to produce biologically stable water to minimize the potential for problems to occur in distribution and premise plumbing systems (see Sections A.3.3 and A.3.4) (Health Canada, 2022).Drinking water treatment plant operationshigh
#Q020designtreatmentrecommendedProfessional Consultation for Supplemental Disinfectiondrinking waterA water treatment professional should be consulted before applying any supplemental disinfection.Before applying supplemental disinfection in building water systemshigh
#Q021operationalhealthrecommendedContaminated Aerosol Reduction in Plumbingdrinking waterImportant elements of control strategies for plumbing systems include: ... reducing the formation and transmission of contaminated aerosols from system components such as cooling towers, showers, faucets, hot tubs and humidifiers.Management of building plumbing systemshigh
#Q022monitoringunknownrecommendedAerosol Activity Risk Considerationdrinking waterIt is important that risks from both land-based and aerosol-generating activities (e.g., spray irrigation, pressure washers) be considered in the source water assessment.During source water assessmenthigh
#Q023treatmenttreatmentrecommendedTurbidity and NOM Treatment Optimizationdrinking wateroptimize treatment performance for turbidity and natural organic matter removal;During drinking water treatment operationshigh
#Q024treatmenttreatmentrecommendedPrimary Disinfection Application Requirementsdrinking waterproperly apply primary disinfection technologies to meet appropriate CT (disinfectant concentration in mg/L × time in minutes) requirements when using chemical oxidants (i.e., free chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide) or IT (intensity measured in mW/cm2 or W/m 2× time measured in seconds resulting in a computed fluence in mJ/cm2) requirements when using ultraviolet (UV) disinfection;Application of primary disinfection technologieshigh
#Q025administrativeoperationalrecommendedOperator Training Obligationdrinking waterprovide operator training to assure the effectiveness of the water safety plan at all times.To maintain water safety plan effectivenesshigh
#Q026operationaloperationalrecommendedDistribution System Cleaning and Flushingdrinking waterkeep the distribution system clean by removing biofilm, loose deposits and sediment from watermains and storage facilities (e.g., use of appropriate flushing and cleaning techniques);Maintenance of distribution system infrastructurehigh
#Q027prohibitionoperationalrecommendedContaminant Entry Preventiondrinking waterminimize the potential for contaminant entry from external sources (e.g., maintain positive pressure, implement cross-connection/backflow control programs, practice strict hygiene during mains constructions and repairs);To prevent post-treatment contaminationhigh
#Q028operationaloperationalrecommendedWater Age and Temperature Managementdrinking watermanage water age and the effects of temperature;Operational and maintenance practices in the distribution systemhigh
#Q029operationaloperationalrecommendedStagnation Minimization in Premise Plumbingdrinking waterminimizing areas of low flow/stagnation;Management of building plumbing systemshigh
#Q030monitoringhealthrecommendedPrivate Well Inspection and Testingdrinking waterFor residential-scale systems and private wells, regular physical inspection to identify deficiencies and testing of the water system (e.g., for E. coli and total coliforms) to confirm the microbiological quality of the water are important.Management of residential-scale systems and private wellshigh
#Q031treatmenttreatmentrecommendedScaling and Corrosion Optimizationdrinking wateroptimize treatment to minimize the amount of scaling and/or corrosion in the distribution system;During drinking water treatment optimizationhigh
#Q032treatmenttreatmentrecommendedNutrient Concentration Managementdrinking waterminimize nutrient concentrations in treated water and have a good understanding of their concentrations in the distribution system;During drinking water treatment and distribution assessmenthigh
#Q033treatmenttreatmentrecommendedSecondary Disinfection Applicationdrinking waterproperly apply secondary disinfection technologies (i.e., free chlorine or monochloramine) for residual maintenance in the distribution system;To maintain disinfectant residual in the distribution systemhigh
#Q034designoperationalrecommendedProper Construction Materials Usagedrinking wateruse proper construction materials;Distribution system operational and maintenance practiceshigh
#Q035corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedCorrective Action for Low Residualsdrinking watertake preventive/corrective actions when low disinfectant residuals occur, particularly during warm water temperature conditions when biofilm growth accelerates;When disinfectant residuals drop below target levels in distributionhigh
#Q036operationaltreatmentrecommendedBalanced Disinfectant Selectiondrinking waterthe choice of disinfectant residual should effectively balance concomitant water quality objectives related to: 1) microbial species (e.g., Legionella, mycobacteria); 2) water chemistry; 3) disinfection by-product concentrations; and 4) the complexity of the distribution systemDecision-making for secondary disinfectant choicehigh
#Q037designhealthrecommendedNutrient Level Limitation in Designdrinking waterlimiting nutrient levels through an emphasis on system design and materials;Management of building plumbing systemshigh
#Q038monitoringhealthrecommendedSite-Specific Legionella Monitoringdrinking waterenvironmental monitoring at individual facilities should be informed by a site-specific risk assessment as part of a Water Management PlanDeveloping monitoring programs for Legionella in building systemshigh
#Q039designhealthrecommendedMixing Valve Positioning and Maintenancedrinking waterMixing valves should be positioned as close as possible to the point of use and provide access for maintenance and cleaningInstallation of thermostatic mixing valves in building plumbinghigh
#Q040operationalhealthmandatoryBuilding Water Quality Management Responsibilitydrinking waterBuilding owners/managers are responsible for managing water quality within their buildings and therefore should be aware of practices that reduce the risk of microorganism growth.Management of building water systemshigh
#Q041monitoringoperationalrecommendedSource Water Nutrient Characterizationdrinking watersurface and subsurface sources should be characterized with regard to organic and inorganic nutrient concentrations (Cantor, 2017).During source water assessment and characterizationhigh
#Q042monitoringoperationalrecommendedSystem-Specific Multi-Parametric Monitoringdrinking waterComprehensive, multi-parametric monitoring programs (e.g., disinfectant residual paired with temperature and biofilm formation rate) are recommended to confirm system-specific requirements (Health Canada, 2022).To confirm distribution system requirementshigh
#Q043administrativetreatmentrecommendedSource Water Protection Plandrinking waterRequirements: Source water protection planRole and responsibility of Water Utilityhigh
#Q044administrativeoperationalrecommendedDistribution System Management Plandrinking waterRequirements: Distribution system management planRole and responsibility of Water Utilityhigh

P Quantitative Requirements (46)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Limit Type Limit Value Context Conditions Confidence
#R001operationaloperationalmandatoryMinimum disinfectant residual concentrationdrinking waterrequirement> 0.2 mg/LRequired to control microbiological (re)growth in the distribution system.In the distribution system.high
#R002operationaloperationalmandatoryFree chlorine residual for biofilm controldrinking waterrequirement1.0 mg/LRequired for controlling biofilm formation in chlorinating systems.high
#R003operationaloperationalmandatoryTotal chlorine residual for biofilm controldrinking waterrequirement1.8 mg/LRequired for controlling biofilm formation in chloraminating systems.high
#R004physicaloperationalrecommendedCold water temperaturedrinking waterrequirement< 20 °CKeeping temperatures outside of ideal range for microorganism growth in plumbing.Premise plumbinghigh
#R005physicaloperationalmandatoryHot water tank temperaturedrinking waterrequirement> 60 °CThreshold for reducing positive detection of Legionella in buildings.Hot water tankhigh
#R006physicaloperationalrecommendedHot water temperature at distal pointsdrinking watertreatment_goal> 55 °CRecommended for reducing Legionella colonization in distal plumbing lines.Distal points in hot water lineshigh
#R007physicalunknownmandatoryMaximum water outlet temperaturedrinking waterrequirement<= 49 °CLimit for showerheads and bathtubs to reduce scalding risk.At the tap/outlethigh
#R008microbiologicalhealthguidanceLegionella concentration action leveldrinking water, otherrequirement50,000 CFU/LThreshold that warrants concern and triggers remedial activities.Various water systems (cooling towers, buildings, etc.)high
#R009operationalhealthrecommendedMinimum free chlorine residual (N. fowleri control)drinking waterrequirement0.5 mg/LRecommended for vulnerable drinking water systems.Throughout the distribution systemhigh
#R010operationalhealthrecommendedBest practice chloramine residual (N. fowleri control)drinking waterrequirement> 1.5 mg/LSufficient for control of N. fowleri in the distribution system.Throughout the distribution systemhigh
#R011operationaloperationalrecommendedMinimum free chlorine residual for healthcare facilitiesdrinking waterrequirement0.3 to 0.5 mg/LRecommended target for Legionella control in healthcare plumbing systems.Health-care facilitieshigh
#R012operationaloperationalrecommendedMonochloramine residual for healthcare facilitiesdrinking waterrequirement1.5 mg/LRecommended target for Legionella control in healthcare plumbing systems.Health-care facilitieshigh
#R013operationaloperationalguidanceFree chlorine residual for Pseudomonas controldrinking waterOG> 0.3 mg/LSuggested for control of Pseudomonas spp. in bulk water.Bulk water in distribution or premise plumbinghigh
#R014physicaltreatmentguidanceThermal shock temperaturedrinking waterrequirement70 °CRemediation measure for building systems (heat shock).Stringent thermal shock for 30 minuteshigh
#R015microbiologicalhealthguidelineEU Legionella action leveldrinking waterrequirement1000 CFU/LAction level in premise plumbing systems under 2020 EU Drinking Water Directive.Premise plumbing systemshigh
#R016microbiologicaloperationalmandatoryDutch Aeromonas target limitdrinking waterOG< 1000 CFU/100 mLOperational parameter requirement in Dutch drinking water legislation.Netherlands jurisdictionhigh
#R017operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 2-log Aeromonas spp. inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal0.2 to 1.4 mg·min/LRelative CT values for various waterborne pathogens using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R018operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 2-log Pseudomonas spp. inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal0.0073 to 4.3 mg·min/LRelative CT values for various waterborne pathogens using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R019operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 3-4 log Legionella pneumophila inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal0.1 to 0.3 mg·min/LRelative CT values for various waterborne pathogens using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R020operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 4-log Naegleria fowleri cysts inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal31 to 37 mg·min/LRelative CT values for various waterborne pathogens using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R021operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 3-log Mycobacterium avium inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal51 to 1552 mg·min/LRelative CT values for various waterborne pathogens using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R022operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 2-log Acanthamoeba species cysts inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal1300 mg·min/LRelative CT values for various waterborne pathogens using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R023operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log Cryptosporidium/Giardia inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal22 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4 log inactivation.high
#R024operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log Naegleria fowleri cysts inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal121 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4 log inactivation.high
#R025operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log Acanthamoeba spp. cysts inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal167 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4 log inactivation.high
#R026operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log Adenovirus inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal51 to 261 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4 log inactivation.high
#R027operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 2 to 5 log inactivation of some Mycobacterium speciesdrinking watertreatment_goal96 to 192 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for various waterborne pathogens.high
#R028operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophiladrinking watertreatment_goal8.86 to 63.67 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.PVC material, pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#R029operationaltreatmentguidanceMonochloramine CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophiladrinking watertreatment_goal17.16 to 108.44 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.PVC material, pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#R030operationaltreatmentguidanceTypical design CT for 4 log virus inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal12-15 mg·min/LTypical design CTs required for inactivation credits using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R031operationaltreatmentguidanceTypical design CT for 0.5 log Giardia inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal35-65 mg·min/LTypical design CTs required for inactivation credits using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R032operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 2-log enteric bacteria inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal0.034 to 5.1 mg·min/LIncludes E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R033operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log Pseudomonas species inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal3.1 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4 log inactivation.high
#R034operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log Legionella pneumophila inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal11 to 30 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4 log inactivation.high
#R035operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log enteric bacteria inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal5 to 51 mJ/cm2Includes E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia.high
#R036operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log enteric viruses inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal16.4 to 61 mJ/cm2Includes Hepatitis A, Coxsackievirus, Poliovirus, and Rotavirus.high
#R037operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 4-log Mycobacterium avium inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal12.3 to 64 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for 4 log inactivation.high
#R038operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 2-log enteric virus inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal0.01 to 12 mg·min/LRelative CT values for 2 log inactivation.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R039operationaltreatmentguidanceFree chlorine CT for 2-log Giardia cysts inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal25 to 99 mg·min/LRelative CT values for 2 log inactivation.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#R040operationaltreatmentguidanceUV dose for 2-log Aeromonas spp. inactivationdrinking watertreatment_goal2.5 to 8 mJ/cm2Relative UV dose requirements for inactivation.high
#R041operationaloperationalguidanceTime for 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Free Chlorine 0.2 mg/L)drinking waterrequirement44.3 minutesTime required to achieve 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1 in a distribution system.Free chlorine residual of 0.2 mg/L; PVC material; pH 8; Temperature 21°C.high
#R042operationaloperationalguidanceTime for 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Free Chlorine 0.5 mg/L)drinking waterrequirement17.7 minutesTime required to achieve 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1 in a distribution system.Free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L; PVC material; pH 8; Temperature 21°C.high
#R043operationaloperationalguidanceTime for 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Free Chlorine 1.0 mg/L)drinking waterrequirement8.9 minutesTime required to achieve 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1 in a distribution system.Free chlorine residual of 1.0 mg/L; PVC material; pH 8; Temperature 21°C.high
#R044operationaloperationalguidanceTime for 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Monochloramine 1.0 mg/L)drinking waterrequirement17.2 minutesTime required to achieve 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1 in a distribution system.Monochloramine residual of 1.0 mg/L; PVC material; pH 8; Temperature 21°C.high
#R045operationaloperationalguidanceTime for 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Monochloramine 1.5 mg/L)drinking waterrequirement11.4 minutesTime required to achieve 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1 in a distribution system.Monochloramine residual of 1.5 mg/L; PVC material; pH 8; Temperature 21°C.high
#R046operationaloperationalguidanceTime for 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (Monochloramine 1.8 mg/L)drinking waterrequirement9.5 minutesTime required to achieve 2 log inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1 in a distribution system.Monochloramine residual of 1.8 mg/L; PVC material; pH 8; Temperature 21°C.high

D Definitions (81)

Req ID Category Name Context Confidence
#D001AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndromehigh
#D002AKAcanthamoeba keratitishigh
#D003ANSIAmerican National Standards Institutehigh
#D004ASHRAEAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineershigh
#D005CDCCenters for Disease Control and Preventionhigh
#D006CFUcolony forming unitshigh
#D007CTconcentration (C) × time (T)high
#D008DAECdiffuse adherent Escherichia colihigh
#D009DNAdeoxyribonucleic acidhigh
#D010EAECenteroaggregative Escherichia colihigh
#D011E. coliEscherichia colihigh
#D012EHECenterohaemorrhagic Escherichia colihigh
#D013EIECenteroinvasive Escherichia colihigh
#D014EPECenteropathogenic Escherichia colihigh
#D015ESBLextended spectrum β-lactamasehigh
#D016ETECenterotoxigenic Escherichia colihigh
#D017EUEuropean Unionhigh
#D018GACgranulated activated carbonhigh
#D019GAEgranulomatous amoebic encephalitishigh
#D020HIVhuman immunodeficiency virushigh
#D021HPCheterotrophic plate counthigh
#D022HUShemolytic uremic syndromehigh
#D023HVACheating, ventilation and air conditioninghigh
#D024IARCInternational Agency for Research on Cancerhigh
#D025ISOInternational Organization for Standardizationhigh
#D026NASEMNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicinehigh
#D027NPCNational Plumbing Code (Canada)high
#D028NSFNSF Internationalhigh
#D029NTMnon-tuberculous mycobacteriahigh
#D030PAMprimary amebic meningoencephalitishigh
#D031PCRpolymerase chain reactionhigh
#D032PHACPublic Health Agency of Canadahigh
#D033POEpoint-of-entryhigh
#D034POUpoint-of-usehigh
#D035QMRAquantitative microbial risk assessmenthigh
#D036SCCStandards Council of Canadahigh
#D037spp.specieshigh
#D038US EPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyhigh
#D039U.S.United Stateshigh
#D040UVultraviolethigh
#D041VBNCviable but non-culturablehigh
#D042VTECverotoxin-producing Escherichia colihigh
#D043WHOWorld Health Organizationhigh
#D044Subacute cases of diarrheathose lasting from two weeks to two monthshigh
#D045Opportunistic pathogensmicroorganisms ... naturally found in aquatic environments and can cause opportunistic infections when the conditions in engineered water systems (e.g., drinking water distribution systems and building/premise plumbing) allow them to multiply and spread primarily to individuals who are susceptible to infectionhigh
#D046ITintensity measured in mW/cm2 or W/m 2× time measured in seconds resulting in a computed fluence in mJ/cm2high
#D047Chronic cases (of Aeromonas-associated diarrhea)cases [that] persist for longer periodshigh
#D048Planktonicfreely floatinghigh
#D049Rapid growers (Mycobacterium spp.)Species ... categorized ... based on the time required to produce colonies on growth mediahigh
#D050Slow growers (Mycobacterium spp.)Species ... categorized ... based on the time required to produce colonies on growth mediahigh
#D051Zoonotic pathogenstransmitted from animals to humanshigh
#D052Shigellosisdisease caused by Shigella spp.high
#D053Enteric feveralso known as typhoid or paratyphoid feverhigh
#D054YersiniosisDisease caused by Y. enterocolitica or Y. paratuberculosishigh
#D055LegionellosisIllnesses caused by Legionella spp.high
#D056Legionnaires’ diseasea severe respiratory illness involving pneumonia, with symptoms that include fever, cough, chills, neurological aspects (confusion), muscle pain, headache and gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting)high
#D057Pontiac fevera milder, flu-like, self-limiting and non-pneumonic disease associated with exposure to Legionellahigh
#D058Hypersensitivity pneumonitisa form of pulmonary illness where inflammation within the lung is attributable to the body’s immune response to mycobacterial antigenshigh
#D059Guidance documentsdeveloped to provide operational or management guidance related to specific drinking water–related issues (e.g., boil water advisories) in order to make health risk assessment information available when a guideline value is not deemed necessary.high
#D060Guidelinesestablished under the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality specifically for contaminants that meet all of the following criteria: 1. exposure to the contaminant could lead to adverse health effects; 2. the contaminant is frequently detected or could be expected to be found in a large number of drinking water supplies throughout Canada; and 3. the contaminant is detected, or could be expected to be detected, at a level that is of possible health significance.high
#D061Thermotolerantcan survive at high temperatures, between 55 and 70°Chigh
#D062Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)group of over 150 distinct species that are considered to be opportunistic human pathogenshigh
#D063Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)a fatal disease which occurs when infection spreads to the brain and central nervous systemhigh
#D064Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)a rare but almost always fatal diseasehigh
#D065Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)subset of E. coli that can produce one or more of the potent Shiga toxins and are considered to be highly pathogenic to humans.high
#D066Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)serious and potentially life-threatening condition [that] results in decreased blood cell and platelet counts and acute kidney failure.high
#D067final discharge pointan identifiable discharge point of a mine beyond which the operator of the mine no longer exercises control over the quality of the effluent.high
#D068tailings impoundment area (TIA)either: a water or place set out in Schedule 2 of the Regulations [or] a confined disposal area other than a disposal area that is or is part of a natural water body that is frequented by fishhigh
#D069Acartia tonsaan invertebrate that serves as an indicator to assess toxicity in salt-water or brackish environments.high
#D070Daphnia magnaa small aquatic crustacean that is a food source for many fish.high
#D071Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)Environment and Climate Change Canadahigh
#D072MERSMine Effluent Reporting Systemhigh
#D073EEMEREnvironmental Effects Monitoring Electronic Reporting Systemhigh
#D074EEMEnvironmental Effects Monitoringhigh
#D075PDFPortable Document Formathigh
#D076KBKilobytehigh
#D077placer mining operationsextracts minerals or metals from stream sedimentshigh
#D078deleterious substancesarsenic, copper, cyanide, lead, nickel, zinc, suspended solids, radium 226 and un-ionized ammoniahigh
#D079ECCCEnvironment and Climate Change Canadahigh
#D080TIAtailings impoundment areahigh
#D081ERRISEffluent Regulatory Reporting Information Systemhigh