Parameter Viewer

Document ID ca-gwpdw-2022-09-5 Title Guidance on waterborne pathogens in drinking water URL https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/wastewater/system-effluent-regulations-reporting/overview.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) none Language Status completed Analyzed at 2026-05-13 14:52:58.842137+00:00 Relevance inventory_targeted_fetch

Q Qualitative Requirements (49)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Context Conditions Confidence
#Q001monitoringreportingmandatoryEffluent Quality Monitoring and ReportingwastewaterThe owners or operators of wastewater systems must monitor and report the quality of their effluent to show that they are meeting the standards.high
#Q002reportingreportingmandatoryInitial Identification Report SubmissionwastewaterOwners or operators of wastewater systems must submit an identification report within 45 days after their system comes into operation.Within 45 days after their system comes into operationhigh
#Q003reportingreportingmandatoryIdentification Report UpdateswastewaterAny changes or new information on your wastewater system must be submitted within 45 days of the change.Within 45 days of the changehigh
#Q004reportingreportingmandatoryRegular Monitoring ReportswastewaterOwners and operators must submit monitoring reports regularly.high
#Q005reportingreportingmandatoryQuarterly Reporting DeadlineswastewaterFor those wastewater systems that are subject to quarterly reporting, the deadlines for each reporting period are as follows: * January 1 to March 31 - May 15 * April 1 to June 30 - August 14 * July 1 to September 30 - November 14 * October 1 to December 31 - February 14Applies to wastewater systems subject to quarterly reportinghigh
#Q006reportingreportingmandatoryAnnual Reporting DeadlinewastewaterFor wastewater systems that report once a year, the deadline is: * Annual (January 1 to December 31) - February 14Applies to wastewater systems that report once a yearhigh
#Q007reportingreportingmandatoryCombined Sewer Overflow Report ContentwastewaterOwners or operators of wastewater systems with at least one combined sewer overflow point are required to report: * the number of days that effluent was released * the volume of effluent deposited from each overflow point for each month of the year.Applies to wastewater systems with at least one combined sewer overflow pointhigh
#Q008reportingreportingmandatoryCombined Sewer Overflow Report DeadlinewastewaterOwners and operators must submit combined sewer overflow reports once per year by February 15.high
#Q009administrativeoperationalguidanceAuthorization Application ProcesswastewaterYou can apply for an authorization through the online reporting system.high
#Q010administrativereportingrecommendedEducation and Outreach Programsdrinking waterWater utilities should also have education and outreach programs to make consumers aware of how water quality can deteriorate within residential and building plumbing systems.high
#Q011monitoringoperationalrecommendedMulti-parametric Performance Assessmentdrinking waterwater utilities and building owners/managers should have appropriate risk management strategies that utilize multiple parameters to assess the performance of drinking water treatment and/or distribution operations.high
#Q012operationaltreatmentrecommendedSubsurface Source Assessment Componentsdrinking waterAssessments for subsurface sources should include, at a minimum, a hydrogeological assessment, an evaluation of well integrity and a survey of activities and physical features in the area (Health Canada 2019b, 2019c).Minimum requirements for subsurface source assessmentshigh
#Q013treatmentoperationalrecommendedBiological Stability of Treated Waterdrinking waterWater utilities should therefore aim to produce biologically stable water to minimize the potential for problems to occur in distribution and premise plumbing systems (see Sections A.3.3 and A.3.4) (Health Canada, 2022).high
#Q014treatmentoperationalrecommendedSecondary Disinfection Applicationdrinking watermonochloramine is recommended only for secondary disinfection and residual maintenance in the distribution system (Health Canada, 2019b).Applicable for secondary disinfection onlyhigh
#Q015monitoringoperationalrecommendedMulti-parametric Monitoring Programs for Distributiondrinking waterComprehensive, multi-parametric monitoring programs (e.g., disinfectant residual paired with temperature and biofilm formation rate) are recommended to confirm system-specific requirements (Health Canada, 2022).high
#Q016administrativereportingrecommendedBuilding Owner Jurisdictional Verificationdrinking waterbuilding owners/managers should contact the responsible authority in the affected jurisdiction to confirm if specific requirements will apply to their system (e.g., cooling tower registry).Applicable to large building water systemshigh
#Q017administrativeoperationalrecommendedClimate Change Risk Integrationdrinking waterwater utilities and building owners/managers should integrate the risks associated with climate change into their management strategies to maximize the reliability, robustness and resilience of their water systems.high
#Q018designtreatmentrecommendedCertified Residential Treatment Devicesdrinking waterHealth Canada recommends that consumers use devices certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standards (NSF/ANSI, 2018, 2019, 2020).Applicable to residential-scale systems and private wellshigh
#Q019operationalhealthrecommendedHousehold Hot Water Temperature Maintenancedrinking waterhomeowners can minimize their risk of exposure to opportunistic waterborne pathogens by maintaining the temperature of their hot water tank at a minimum of 60°C (WHO, 2011; Falkinham et al., 2015a, 2015b).For control of Legionella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in household plumbinghigh
#Q020monitoringoperationalrecommendedSource Nutrient Characterizationdrinking watersurface and subsurface sources should be characterized with regard to organic and inorganic nutrient concentrations (Cantor, 2017).During source water assessmentshigh
#Q021treatmenttreatmentrecommendedTreatment Performance Optimizationdrinking wateroptimize treatment performance for turbidity and natural organic matter removalDrinking water treatment plant operationshigh
#Q022operationaloperationalrecommendedDisinfectant Residual Maintenancedrinking watermaintain an effective disinfectant residual and take preventive/corrective actions when low disinfectant residuals occur, particularly during warm water temperature conditions when biofilm growth acceleratesDistribution system operationhigh
#Q023operationalhealthrecommendedBuilding Temperature Controlotherkeeping temperatures of cold and hot water systems outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth (e.g., cold water less than 20°C, hot water tank temperature greater than 60°C; hot water lines at distal points ideally greater than 55°C)Premise plumbing managementhigh
#Q024operationalhealthrecommendedSafe Nasal Rinse Practicedrinking waterindividuals should ensure that they conduct nasal rinses using water that has been boiled and cooled, or distilled water.To prevent Naegleria fowleri infectionhigh
#Q025treatmenttreatmentrecommendedPrimary Disinfection Technology Applicationdrinking waterproperly apply primary disinfection technologies to meet appropriate CT (disinfectant concentration in mg/L × time in minutes) requirements when using chemical oxidants (i.e., free chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide) or IT (intensity measured in mW/cm2 or W/m 2× time measured in seconds resulting in a computed fluence in mJ/cm2) requirements when using ultraviolet (UV) disinfectionWhen using chemical oxidants or UV disinfectionhigh
#Q026administrativeoperationalrecommendedOperator Training Requirementdrinking waterprovide operator training to assure the effectiveness of the water safety plan at all times.Drinking water treatment plant operationshigh
#Q027operationaltreatmentrecommendedDistribution System Cleaning and Maintenancedrinking waterkeep the distribution system clean by removing biofilm, loose deposits and sediment from watermains and storage facilities (e.g., use of appropriate flushing and cleaning techniques)Key distribution system operational and maintenance practiceshigh
#Q028monitoringhealthrecommendedPrivate Well Inspection and Testingdrinking waterFor residential-scale systems and private wells, regular physical inspection to identify deficiencies and testing of the water system (e.g., for E. coli and total coliforms) to confirm the microbiological quality of the water are important.Applicable to residential-scale systems and private wellshigh
#Q029operationalhealthrecommendedContact Lens Safety Guidancedrinking water, recreational waterIndividuals in the home who wear contact lenses should also follow guidance from their eye care providers on proper lens handling, cleaning and wearTo prevent Acanthamoeba keratitishigh
#Q030administrativeoperationalrecommendedBuilding Water Management PlansotherBuilding water management plans are the recommended best practice for building owners/managers.Applicable to building owners and managershigh
#Q031treatmenttreatmentrecommendedTreated Water Nutrient Minimizationdrinking waterminimize nutrient concentrations in treated water and have a good understanding of their concentrations in the distribution systemDrinking water treatment plant operationshigh
#Q032treatmenttreatmentrecommendedScaling and Corrosion Control Optimizationdrinking wateroptimize treatment to minimize the amount of scaling and/or corrosion in the distribution systemDrinking water treatment plant operationshigh
#Q033designtreatmentrecommendedDistribution System Material Selectiondrinking wateruse proper construction materialsDistribution system operational and maintenance practiceshigh
#Q034operationaloperationalrecommendedWater Age and Temperature Managementdrinking watermanage water age and the effects of temperatureDistribution system operational and maintenance practiceshigh
#Q035operationaloperationalrecommendedContaminant Entry Preventiondrinking waterminimize the potential for contaminant entry from external sources (e.g., maintain positive pressure, implement cross-connection/backflow control programs, practice strict hygiene during mains constructions and repairs)Distribution system operational and maintenance practiceshigh
#Q036designtreatmentrecommendedPlumbing System Nutrient Limitationotherlimiting nutrient levels through an emphasis on system design and materialsPremise plumbing control strategieshigh
#Q037operationalhealthrecommendedAerosol Formation Reductionotherreducing the formation and transmission of contaminated aerosols from system components such as cooling towers, showers, faucets, hot tubs and humidifiersPremise plumbing control strategieshigh
#Q038monitoringoperationalrecommendedTreatment Plant Performance Testingdrinking waterconduct performance testing using multiple parameters (e.g., disinfectant residual, microbiological indicators, pH, turbidity)Drinking water treatment plant operationshigh
#Q039monitoringoperationalrecommendedDistribution System Performance Testingdrinking waterconduct performance testing using multiple parameters (e.g., disinfectant residual, microbiological indicators, biological stability indicators, pH, pressure, temperature, turbidity)Key distribution system operational and maintenance practiceshigh
#Q040operationalhealthrecommendedSource Water Assessment Risk Factorsdrinking waterIt is important that risks from both land-based and aerosol-generating activities (e.g., spray irrigation, pressure washers) be considered in the source water assessment.During source water assessmentshigh
#Q041operationalhealthrecommendedPlumbing System Stagnation Controlotherminimizing areas of low flow/stagnationPremise plumbing control strategieshigh
#Q042designoperationalrecommendedMixing Valve Placement and MaintenanceotherMixing valves should be positioned as close as possible to the point of use and provide access for maintenance and cleaningPremise plumbing system designhigh
#Q043designunknownrecommendedPlumbing Outlet Temperature Safety Capotherthe NPC specifies that water valves supplying showerheads and bathtubs should be capable of maintaining a water outlet temperature that does not exceed 49°C in order to reduce the risk of scaldingApplies to showerheads and bathtubshigh
#Q044monitoringoperationalrecommendedRisk-Informed Environmental Monitoringotherenvironmental monitoring at individual facilities should be informed by a site-specific risk assessment as part of a Water Management PlanApplicable to building water systemshigh
#Q045operationalhealthrecommendedElectric Storage-Type Water Heater Temperature Pre-setotherthe NPC further specifies that electric storage-type water heaters should be pre-set to a temperature of 60°C as a result of the temperature stratification that can occur with this type of heater.Specific to electric storage-type heaters to prevent Legionella growthhigh
#Q046monitoringoperationalguidanceBuilding Water Monitoring Program DesignotherIn general, monitoring programs consist of routine monitoring of general microbiological quality, as an indication of system control, in conjunction with testing for Legionella at regular time intervalsPart of a site-specific Water Management Plan for buildingshigh
#Q047operationalhealthrecommendedDisinfectant Residual for Naegleria fowleri Controldrinking waterMaintaining a minimum free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L throughout the distribution system is recommended for the control of N. fowleri in vulnerable drinking water systemsApplicable to systems vulnerable to N. fowleri (temperatures > 25°C)high
#Q048administrativeoperationalmandatoryBuilding Water Quality Management ResponsibilityotherBuilding owners/managers are responsible for managing water quality within their buildingshigh
#Q049prohibitiontreatmentrecommendedMonochloramine Use Prohibition for Primary Disinfectiondrinking waterMonochloramine should not be used for primary disinfection due to its low oxidation potentialhigh

P Quantitative Requirements (49)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Limit Type Limit Value Context Conditions Confidence
#P001operationaloperationalmandatoryaverage daily volumewastewaterrequirement>= 100 m3The Regulations apply to wastewater systems: that collect an average daily volume of 100 m3 or more of influent and deposit wastewater effluent to water frequented by fishdeposit wastewater effluent to water frequented by fish or to a place that could reach these watershigh
#P002operationaloperationalmandatoryminimum disinfectant residual concentrationdrinking waterrequirement> 0.2 mg/LMaintaining an effective disinfectant residual is essential to manage risks in the distribution system.required to control microbiological (re)growth in the distribution systemhigh
#P003operationaloperationalrecommendedfree chlorine residual for biofilm controldrinking waterrequirement1.0 mg/LRequired for controlling biofilm formation in systems that chlorinate.systems that regularly remove biofilms and loose deposits may require lower concentrationshigh
#P004operationaloperationalrecommendedtotal chlorine residual for biofilm controldrinking waterrequirement1.8 mg/LRequired for controlling biofilm formation in systems that chloraminate.systems that regularly remove biofilms and loose deposits may require lower concentrationshigh
#P005physicaloperationalrecommendedcold water plumbing temperaturedrinking watertreatment_goal< 20 °CKeeping temperatures outside of the ideal range for microorganism growth.applies to premise plumbing systemshigh
#P006physicaloperationalmandatoryhot water tank temperaturedrinking waterrequirement> 60 °CMaintaining temperature outside growth range to limit opportunistic pathogens.Specified in the National Plumbing Code; electric storage-type water heaters should be pre-set to this temperaturehigh
#P007physicaloperationalrecommendedhot water distal point temperaturedrinking watertreatment_goal> 55 °CIdeally maintained at distal points to minimize Legionella colonization.applies to building hot water lineshigh
#P008physicalhealthmandatorymaximum water outlet temperature at the tapdrinking waterrequirement<= 49 °CNPC specifies maximum temperature to reduce the risk of scalding.applies to water valves supplying showerheads and bathtubshigh
#P009microbiologicalhealthguidelineLegionella concentration action leveldrinking water, recreational waterrequirement50000 CFU/LNASEM Committee recommendation for remedial action.concentration warrants concern and triggers remedial activities; lower levels may be needed for hospitalshigh
#P010operationalhealthrecommendedNaegleria fowleri control residualdrinking waterrequirement0.5 mg/LMaintaining free chlorine residual throughout the distribution system for control.Recommended for vulnerable drinking water systemshigh
#P011operationaloperationalguidelinefree chlorine residual target for healthcare facilitiesdrinking waterrequirement0.3 - 0.5 mg/LGuidance materials on Legionella control in plumbing systems for health-care facilities.applies to health-care facilitieshigh
#P012operationaloperationalguidelinemonochloramine residual target for healthcare facilitiesdrinking waterrequirement1.5 mg/LGuidance materials on Legionella control in plumbing systems for health-care facilities.applies to health-care facilitieshigh
#P013physicaltreatmentrecommendedthermal shock temperaturedrinking waterrequirement70 °CExtreme remediation measure involving stringent thermal shock.considered an extreme remediation measurehigh
#P014operationaltreatmentrecommendedthermal shock durationdrinking waterrequirement30 minutesDuration for stringent thermal shock at 70°C.considered an extreme remediation measurehigh
#P015microbiologicalhealthguidelineEU Legionella action leveldrinking waterrequirement1000 CFU/L2020 European Union Drinking Water Directive action level for premise plumbing systems.applies to premise plumbing systemshigh
#P016operationaloperationalrecommendedbest practice chloramine residual for Naegleria fowleri controldrinking waterrequirement> 1.5 mg/LHealth Canada suggested best practice for chloramine residual throughout the distribution system.sufficient for N. fowleri controlhigh
#P017operationaltreatmentrecommended4 log inactivation CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (free chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal63.67 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#P018operationaltreatmentrecommended4 log inactivation CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (monochloramine)drinking watertreatment_goal108.44 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#P019microbiologicaloperationalguidelineAeromonas monitoring target (Netherlands)drinking waterOG< 1000 CFU/100 mLDutch drinking water legislation monitoring requirement for Aeromonas as an operational parameter.Based on treatment achievability, not public health significancehigh
#P020microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedAcanthamoeba species cysts free chlorine CTdrinking watertreatment_goal1300 mg·min/LCT values required for 2 log reduction using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P021microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedNaegleria fowleri cysts free chlorine CT (4 log)drinking watertreatment_goal31 - 37 mg·min/LCT values for achieving a 4 log reduction in Naegleria fowleri cysts.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P022microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedAdenovirus UV dose requirementdrinking watertreatment_goal51 - 261 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for 4 log reduction of Adenovirus.high
#P023operationaltreatmentrecommended2 log inactivation CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (free chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal8.86 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#P024operationaltreatmentrecommended2 log inactivation CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (monochloramine)drinking watertreatment_goal17.16 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#P025microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedPlanktonic Legionella pneumophila free chlorine CT (3-4 log)drinking watertreatment_goal0.1 - 0.3 mg·min/LCT values for Achieving a 3 to 4 log removal of planktonic Legionella.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P026microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedMycobacterium avium free chlorine CT (3 log)drinking watertreatment_goal51 - 1552 mg·min/LCT values for achieving a 3 log reduction in Mycobacterium avium.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P027microbiologicaltreatmentrecommended3 log inactivation CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (free chlorine)drinking watertreatment_goal36.11 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#P028microbiologicaltreatmentrecommended3 log inactivation CT for biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila (monochloramine)drinking watertreatment_goal62.80 mg·min/LCT values for inactivation of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 serogroup 1.pH = 8, temperature = 21 °Chigh
#P029microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedEnteric Bacteria Free Chlorine CT (2-log)drinking watertreatment_goal0.034 - 5.1 mg·min/LRelative CT values for E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P030microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedEnteric Viruses Free Chlorine CT (2-log)drinking watertreatment_goal0.01 - 12 mg·min/LRelative CT values for various enteric viruses for 2-log inactivation.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P031microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedNaegleria fowleri cysts UV Dose Requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal121 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for 4 log reduction.high
#P032microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedAcanthamoeba spp. cysts UV Dose Requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal167 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for 4 log reduction.high
#P033microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedMycobacterium avium UV Dose Requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal12.3 - 64 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for 4 log reduction of MAC.Some specific strains may require higher doses (96-192 mJ/cm2)high
#P034microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedLegionella pneumophila UV Dose Requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal11 - 30 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for 4 log reduction of L. pneumophila.high
#P035microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedEnteric Bacteria UV Dose Requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal5 - 51 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia.high
#P036microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedEnteric Viruses UV Dose Requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal16.4 - 61 mJ/cm2Includes Hepatitis A, Coxsackievirus, Poliovirus, and Rotavirus.Excludes Adenovirus which is higherhigh
#P037microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedAeromonas species free chlorine CT (2-log)drinking watertreatment_goal0.2 - 1.4 mg·min/LCT values required for achieving a 2 log reduction in numbers using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P038microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedPseudomonas species free chlorine CT (2-log)drinking watertreatment_goal0.0073 - 4.3 mg·min/LCT values required for achieving a 2 log reduction in numbers using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P039microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedGiardia cysts free chlorine CT (2-log)drinking watertreatment_goal25 - 99 mg·min/LCT values required for achieving a 2 log reduction in numbers using free chlorine.5-25°C, pH 6-9high
#P040operationaltreatmentmandatoryDesign CT target for 4-log virus inactivationdrinking waterrequirement12 - 15 mg·min/LTypical design CTs that are required to achieve 4 log virus inactivation.Chemical oxidation using free chlorinehigh
#P041operationaltreatmentmandatoryDesign CT target for 0.5-log Giardia inactivationdrinking waterrequirement35 - 65 mg·min/LTypical design CTs that are required to achieve 0.5 log Giardia inactivation.Chemical oxidation using free chlorinehigh
#P042microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedCryptosporidium oocysts UV dose requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal22 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for achieving a 4 log reduction.high
#P043microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedGiardia cysts UV dose requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal22 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for achieving a 4 log reduction.high
#P044microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedAeromonas species UV dose requirement (2-log)drinking watertreatment_goal2.5 - 8 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for achieving a 2 log reduction.high
#P045microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedPseudomonas species UV dose requirement (4-log)drinking watertreatment_goal3.1 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for achieving a 4 log reduction.high
#P046microbiologicaltreatmentrecommendedSpecific strains of Mycobacterium species UV dose requirement (2-5 log)drinking watertreatment_goal96 - 192 mJ/cm2UV dose requirements for 2 to 5 log reduction for some Mycobacterium strains.Species-specific resistance vary significantlyhigh
#P047operationaloperationalrecommendedfree chlorine residual for Pseudomonas controldrinking watertreatment_goal> 0.3 mg/LLaboratory and pilot-scale studies suggest this concentration is useful for control of Pseudomonas spp. in bulk water.bulk water in distribution systemshigh
#P048physicalhealthguidelinecold water Legionella colonization risk temperaturedrinking waterrequirement> 25 °CCold water supplies held at temperatures above this threshold are associated with an increased risk of Legionella colonization.applies to cold water supply systemshigh
#P049operationaloperationalrecommendedminimum flushing frequency for low flow pipesdrinking waterrequirement>= 1 flush/weekGuidance documents for building systems recommend minimum flushing to mitigate Legionella risks in stagnant or low-flow areas.Applies to low flow pipe runs, dead ends/dead legs and infrequently used fittings or outlets.high

D Definitions (46)

Req ID Category Name Context Confidence
#D001Subacute cases of diarrheaSubacute cases of diarrhea are defined as those lasting from two weeks to two months, whereas chronic cases persist for longer periodshigh
#D002AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndromehigh
#D003AKAcanthamoeba keratitishigh
#D004ANSIAmerican National Standards Institutehigh
#D005ASHRAEAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineershigh
#D006CDCCenters for Disease Control and Preventionhigh
#D007CFUcolony forming unitshigh
#D008CTconcentration (C) × time (T)high
#D009DAECdiffuse adherent Escherichia colihigh
#D010DNAdeoxyribonucleic acidhigh
#D011EAECenteroaggregative Escherichia colihigh
#D012E. coliEscherichia colihigh
#D013EHECenterohaemorrhagic Escherichia colihigh
#D014EIECenteroinvasive Escherichia colihigh
#D015EPECenteropathogenic Escherichia colihigh
#D016ESBLextended spectrum β-lactamasehigh
#D017ETECenterotoxigenic Escherichia colihigh
#D018EUEuropean Unionhigh
#D019GACgranulated activated carbonhigh
#D020GAEgranulomatous amoebic encephalitishigh
#D021HIVhuman immunodeficiency virushigh
#D022HPCheterotrophic plate counthigh
#D023HUShemolytic uremic syndromehigh
#D024HVACheating, ventilation and air conditioninghigh
#D025IARCInternational Agency for Research on Cancerhigh
#D026ISOInternational Organization for Standardizationhigh
#D027NASEMNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicinehigh
#D028NPCNational Plumbing Code (Canada)high
#D029NSFNSF Internationalhigh
#D030NTMnon-tuberculous mycobacteriahigh
#D031PAMprimary amebic meningoencephalitishigh
#D032PCRpolymerase chain reactionhigh
#D033PHACPublic Health Agency of Canadahigh
#D034POEpoint-of-entryhigh
#D035POUpoint-of-usehigh
#D036QMRAquantitative microbial risk assessmenthigh
#D037SCCStandards Council of Canadahigh
#D038spp.specieshigh
#D039US EPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyhigh
#D040U.S.United Stateshigh
#D041UVultraviolethigh
#D042VBNCviable but non-culturablehigh
#D043VTECverotoxin-producing Escherichia colihigh
#D044WHOWorld Health Organizationhigh
#D045Groundwaterthe water that fills the spaces between layers of soil, sand and rock in the groundhigh
#D046AquifersAreas that contain enough groundwaterhigh