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Source: https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/draft-sewage-sludge-risk-assessment-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa-and-perfluorooctane

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Draft Sewage Sludge Risk Assessment for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS)

Learn more about the EPA's human health toxicity assessments for PFOA and PFOS. * Infographic: Human Health Toxicity Assessment for PFOA (pdf) * Infographic: Human Health Toxicity Assessment for PFOS (pdf)

On January 14, 2025, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released the Draft Sewage Sludge Risk Assessment for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) for public comment (Docket ID no. EPA-HQ-OW-2024-0504). The draft risk assessment reflects the agency’s latest scientific understanding of the potential risks to human health and the environment posed by the presence of PFOA and PFOS in sewage sludge that is land applied as a soil conditioner or fertilizer (on agricultural, forested, and other lands), surface disposed (e.g., placed in a sewage sludge-only landfill called a monofill), or incinerated. The public comment period ended on August 14, 2025. * Federal Register Notice: Draft Sewage Sludge Risk Assessment for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS)Exit EPA’s website * Federal Register: Notice of Comment Period ExtensionExit EPA’s website * Federal Register: Extension of Comment PeriodExit EPA’s website * (8.76 MB, January 2025, 820-P-25-001) * (1.08 MB, January 2025, 820-R-25-002) * (266.97 KB, January 2025, 820-R-25-001) * Frequent Questions and Answers

For assistance reading these documents, please contact the EPA Biosolids Program (biosolidsprogram@epa.gov).

Fact Sheets

Webinar

On January 15, 2025, the EPA held a Stakeholder Webinar on the Draft Risk Assessment for PFOA/PFOS in Sewage Sludge. * Public Webinar Recording: Draft Sewage Sludge Risk Assessment for PFOA and PFOSExit EPA’s website * (2.17 MB)

Biosolids

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